Hydrolysis

N’ime onwu anyị nwere mmeghachi omume kemịkal nke na - eme n’etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe na atọm. Taa, anyị ga-ekwu maka hydrolysis. Hydrolysis bụ ụdị mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke nwere ike ịdapụta n ’etiti mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na - adịghị arụ ọrụ. Njirimara bụ isi nke hydrolysis bụ na ọ gụnyere itinye aka na mmiri ka agbụ gbajie.

N'isiokwu a anyị ga-agwa gị gbasara njirimara niile na mkpa hydrolysis na ngalaba onwu.

Gịnị bụ hydrolysis

Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ụdị mmeghachi omume kemịkal nwere ike ịdapụta n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe na ahịhịa. Ọnọdụ dị oke mkpa bụ na mmiri ga-etinye aka ka o wee nwee ike agbaji nkekọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a. Okwu hydrolysis sitere na mmiri Greek, nke putara mmiri na site na lysis, nke putara rupture. N'ịbụ nke a sụgharịrị n'ụdị, hydrolysis nwere ike ịmara dị ka mmebi nke mmiri. N'okwu a, anyị na-ekwu maka imebi nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa site na itinye aka na mmiri.

Mkpụrụ mmiri ahụ nwere atọm hydrogen abụọ na otu mkpụrụ oxygen. N'ihi ngwakọta a nke atọm, a na - eme nhazi njimara n'etiti ion salts nke acids na ntọala na - adịghị ike. Acids na ntọala bụ echiche ndị na-apụta n’ihe ọmụmụ gbasara kemịkal na kemịkal gbasara nyocha. Enwere ike ịsị na Hydrolysis bụ otu n'ime kemịkal kemịkal dị mfe ebe ahụ. Ihe nha anya maka hydrolysis bu ihe ndia:

AB + H2O = AH + B-OH

Enwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke hydrolysis ebe mmiri ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya enweghị ike imebi njikọ ụfọdụ. Anyi na-echeta na nkekọ nkekọ bụ otu n'ime ya ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ nwere njirimara na-abụghị nke ọla jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta igwe ihe ọhụrụ ọzọ. A maara nkekọ na-esonyere ha dị ka nkekọ mmekọrịta. Mgbe naanị mmiri enweghị ike imebi njikọ a, usoro a na-eme ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ kpalite site na acidification ma ọ bụ alkalization nke ọkara. Nke ahụ bụ, na ọnụnọ nke ion, hydrolysis nwere ike catalyzed. Ma ọ bụ na enwere enzymes nke nwere ike ịkpalite mmeghachi omume kemịkal nke hydrolysis.

Isi atụmatụ

Ka anyị lee ihe njirimara ya bụ na ihe hydrolysis nwere. Typedị mmeghachi omume a na-ebi ebe pụrụ iche ma a bịa n'ihe banyere ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ma ọ bụ na agbụ ndị jikọtara monomers nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-eme ka hydrolyzing nwee ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Nke ahụ bụ, njikọkọ ọnụ nke ihe ana - etinye na molekul nwere ike imebi n’iru mmiri. Ihe omuma atu nke a bu shuga. Sugars nwere ike hydrolyzing iji kwatuo polysaccharides n'ime monosaccharides. Nke a na-apụta site na ọrụ nke enzymes ndị a maara dị ka glucosidases.

A ghaghi iburu n'uche na obughi nani molekul nke nkpuru mebiri nkekọ. Mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya na-agbaji ma mesịa kewaa ion. Ọkpụkpụ mmiri n'ime H + na OH-, ebe H + na-ejedebe A, na OH - na B. AB na-emeghachi omume na mmiri molecule, na-emepụta ngwaahịa abụọ, AH na B-OH.

Ya mere, anyị nwere ike ikwu na hydrolysis bụ kemịkalụ megidere odide. Site odide, ngwaahịa abụọ na-esonye site na ịhapụ obere molekul. Obere molekul a bu mmiri. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, na hydrolysis a na-ere ọkụ molecule, ebe ọ na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ electrolysis a na-erepịa, wepụtara ma ọ bụ mepụta.

Iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe nghọta, anyị ga-akọwara gị ihe atụ nke shuga ọzọ. Ka anyị were ya na AB bụ sucerse dimer. Na nke a A na-anọchite anya glucose na B na-anọchite fructose. Njikọ a, nke aha glycosidic mara, nwere ike ịme hydrolyzed iji nye monosaccharides abụọ dị iche iche na ngwọta ya. Otu ihe a na - eme na oligosaccharides na polysaccharides ma ọ bụrụ na enzymes bụ ndị na - arụ ọrụ na mmeghachi omume.

Anyị maara na mmeghachi omume kemịkal a nwere naanị otu ụzọ. Nke a pụtara na ọ bụ ụdị hydrolysis a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere mmeghachi omume hydrolysis nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ozugbo e ruru nhazi.

Ihe atụ nke mmeghachi omume hydrolysis

Ka anyị lee ihe bụ isi ihe atụ nke hydrolysis nke na-eme n'ụzọ nkịtị. Nke mbụ bụ ịhụ mmeghachi omume hydrolysis nke ATP. Anyị maara na molekul a nwere ụkpụrụ pH siri ike n'etiti 6.8 na 7.4. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ụkpụrụ pH na-abawanye ghọọ alkaline karịa, ọ nwere ike ịme hydrolyze ozugbo. N'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ, hydrolysis na-akpata enzyme nke aha ATPases maara. Ọ bụ ụdị mmeghachi omume kemịkal pụtara ike. Nke a pụtara na entropy nke ADP dị ukwuu karịa nke ATP, ya mere mgbanwe ume efu na-eme site na hydrolysis nke ATP. Typedị hydrolysis a na-ewe ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume endergonic.

Ihe mmeghachi omume ejikọtara ọnụ bụ ụdị mmeghachi omume ọzọ ebe hydrolysis na-eme. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ a na-eji ya maka ntụgharị nke ngwakọta A n'ime ogige B. Ihe atụ kachasị amara nke hydrolysis na-emekarị na mmiri. Ọ dị ka a ga - enwe ike ịgbanye otu n'ime irighiri mmiri n'ime ion na hydrogen proton agbụ na oxygen atom nke mmiri mmiri ọzọ. Nke a na - ebute ion hydronium. Enwere ike ịkpọ ya karịa hydrolysis dị ka mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ autoprotolysis nke mmiri.

N'ikpeazụ, ọzọ nke akụkụ ebe mmeghachi omume ndị a na-eme n'ụzọ nkịtị na protein. Anyị maara na ndị na-edozi ahụ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ siri ike ma nweta hydrolysis ha zuru oke, achọrọ ọnọdụ ndị dị oke njọ. Anyị na-echeta na ihe mejupụtara protein bụ amino acid. Agbanyeghị, e nyere ndị dị ndụ nnweta nke ngwa ngwa nke enzymes nke na-ekwe ka hydrolysis nke ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ime amino acid na duodenum.

Enwere m olileanya na site na ozi a ị nwere ike ịmụtakwu banyere hydrolysis na njirimara ya.