Golgi apparatus yog ib qho organelle uas muaj tag nrho cov hlwb eukaryotic (hlwb nrog lub ntsiab lus zoo hauv lawv cov cytoplasm) thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov kab mob endomembrane. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb organelle rau synthesis ntawm ntau cellular proteins thiab lipids, thiab plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntim cov nroj tsuag. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg tsis paub tias yog dab tsi Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Golgi apparatus.
Vim li no, peb yuav muab tsab xov xwm no qhia rau koj txhua yam koj xav paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Golgi apparatus, nws cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov tseem ceeb.
Index
Dab tsi yog Golgi apparatus
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb organelle rau synthesis ntawm ntau cellular proteins thiab lipids thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug ntim cog: nws synthesizes, ntim cov tshuaj uas tsim los ntawm lub hlwb, thiab faib lawv mus rau lawv tus kheej destinations nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Cells tej zaum yuav muaj ib lossis ntau dua ntawm Golgi apparatus. (qhov tseeb, cov nroj tsuag muaj ntau pua), feem ntau nyob hauv cytoplasm ze ntawm lub nucleus thiab endoplasmic reticulum.
Nyob ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes, txhua lub cuab yeej yuav muaj tus lej sib txawv ntawm cov pas dej ua ke lossis "lub hnab" kom muaj cov protein lossis lipids. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb organelle rau culmination ntawm cellular lub neej thiab organic synthesis.
Golgi apparatus siv nws lub npe los ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 1906th, thaum tus kws tshawb fawb Italian thiab tus yeej Nobel nqi zog rau tshuaj nyob rau hauv 1897, Camilo Gorgi, tau piav qhia tau zoo raws li qhov kev soj ntsuam thawj zaug hauv xyoo XNUMX los ntawm Spaniard Santiago. La Santiago. Ramón y Cajal, uas nws tau muab khoom plig.
Kev siv hluav taws xob microscopy Tom qab xyoo 1950 nws tau lees paub Golgi cov lus piav qhia nrog qhov tseeb ntau. Golgi apparatus muaj lub reticulum, ib pawg ntawm membranous saccules, uas yog, submicroscopic, tiaj tus, stacked hlab ntsha, surrounded los ntawm ib tug tubular network thiab ib tug sau ntawm vesicles.
Nyob rau hauv txhua dictyosome yog ib pawg ntawm "packed" proteins. Qhov tseeb, tham txog dictyosomes, Golgi lossis Golgi system yog qhov pib tham txog tib yam. Qhov loj ntawm cov dictyosomes thiab pab pawg ntawm Golgi apparatus yog qhov sib txawv, nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm tes, hom thiab lub sijhawm ntawm nws cov metabolism.. Nws txoj kab uas hla feem ntau yog kwv yees li ntawm 1 thiab 3 microns.
Qauv
Golgi apparatus muaj peb qhov chaw ua haujlwm sib txawv:
- Cis-golgi cheeb tsam. Qhov sab hauv tshaj plaws, ze tshaj plaws rau qhov ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum (RER), yog qhov chaw vesicles uas muaj cov proteins uas tau tsim tawm tshiab.
- cheeb tsam nruab nrab. Kev hloov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cheeb tsam Cis thiab Trans.
- Trans-golgi cheeb tsam. Nws yog ze rau lub plasma daim nyias nyias, qhov uas nws tau hloov kho kom xa txhua cov protein thiab lipid mus rau nws qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.
Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm Golgi apparatus tsis tau ua tiav tag nrho.
Golgi Apparatus Function
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Golgi apparatus yog "pob" thiab "tag" txhua lub vesicle protein kom ua tiav kev xa mus rau nws qhov chaw, zoo li cov khoom ntim khoom.
Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, Golgi tshuaj xyuas cov khoom yog impeccable, zoo li qub thiab sib sau ua ke, txuas cov molecules yooj yim nrog cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab txheeb xyuas lawv raws li lawv qhov chaw nyob: lwm yam organelles lossis cell membranes, yuav tsum zais rau hauv ib puag ncig.
Lwm cov haujlwm ntawm Golgi apparatus suav nrog:
- Nws absorbs tshuaj los ntawm cytoplasm. Zoo li dej, suab thaj los yog lipids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov secretory vesicles.
- tsim secretory vesicles. Nws tsim cov hnab protein uas thauj lawv cov ntsiab lus tawm ntawm lub cell.
- ua enzymes. Ntau cov enzymes pib los ntawm cov kab mob no vim lawv yog cov proteins uas muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
- Tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Nws txhawb kev tsim cov cell membranes, cov hlwb tshwj xeeb (xws li phev), cov proteins (xws li mis nyuj, thiab lwm yam).
- zais glycoproteins. Proteins uas muaj carbohydrates (qab zib) yog tsim nyob rau hauv.
- lysosomes yog tsim. Organelles lub luag hauj lwm rau cellular digestion.
Cov vesicles thauj uas hla Golgi apparatus tuaj yeem yog cov hauv qab no:
- Lawv muaj cov proteins uas nkag mus rau sab nraud ntawm lub cell los ntawm kev tso tawm (exocytosis) uas tshwm sim ntawm plasma membrane.
- Secretory vesicles kuj destined mus cuag sab nraud ntawm lub cell, tab sis tsis tam sim ntawd: yuav muab khaws cia rau hauv lub xovtooj ntawm tes, tos kom muaj kev txhawb nqa tshwm sim. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua regulated secretion.
- Nws lub hom phiaj yog lub lysosome: lub organelle tsim los ntawm Golgi system nws tus kheej, lub luag hauj lwm rau rhuav tshem cov khoom txawv teb chaws uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cell (cellular digestion).
Golgi thauj mechanism
Qhov tseeb mechanism ntawm yuav ua li cas cov protein kis tau los ntawm Golgi apparatus yog tsis paub. Tab sis muaj ob lub ntsiab lus xav txog yuav ua li cas nws tshwm sim:
- Cistern maturation qauv. Tsim lub tank tshiab yuav "them" lub tank qub los ntawm lub cuab yeej.
- Tsheb thauj mus los qauv. Txoj kev xav xav tias Golgi yog qhov chaw ruaj khov thiab zoo li qub thiab qhov txav ntawm cov hlab ntsha yog vim muaj cov khoom ntawm nws cov proteins sab hauv.
Qhov tseem ceeb
Cov lysosomes tsim los ntawm Golgi apparatus muaj hydrolytic thiab proteolytic enzymes muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem cov khoom ntawm extracellular los yog intracellular keeb kwm, uas yog, lub luag hauj lwm rau cellular digestion.
Lysosomes yog cov hnab ris ntawm cov enzymes uas, yog tias tso rau hauv lub cell, yuav ua kom puas lub cell tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, cov organelles muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb daim nyias nyias los nres nws. Lysosomes feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hlwb.
Cov cuab yeej yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov protein ntau ntawm cov hlwb thiab, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob rau hauv cov protein ntau lawm Circuit Court ntawm kab mob. Nws ua raws li kev sib txuas ntawm sab hauv ntawm tes (lub nucleus thiab endoplasmic reticulum qhov twg cov proteins raug tsim) thiab sab nraud ntawm tes. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb biochemical thauj mechanism.
Qee zaum, Golgi tsis xws luag tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob xws li mucolipidosis II, uas cuam tshuam rau Golgi protein paub tshuab, yog li ntawd. Cellular digestion tsis tuaj yeem ua tau zoo thiab cov lysosomes sau nrog cov khoom tsis zoo. Qhov no yog kab mob congenital nrog rau qhov tshwm sim tuag uas tsis tso cai rau lub neej dhau 7 xyoo.
Ntau lwm yam kab mob hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau xav tias yuav tshwm sim los ntawm Golgi qhov tsis xws luag, suav nrog kab mob Pelizaeus-Merzbacher, Angelman syndrome, wrinkled skin syndrome, thiab Ducheme muscular dystrophy, thiab lwm yam.
Kuv vam tias nrog cov ntaub ntawv no koj tuaj yeem kawm paub ntxiv txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Golgi apparatus thiab nws cov yam ntxwv.
Yog thawj tus tuaj tawm tswv yim