ʻAno lanahu

Ma loko o ka hui o nā wahie fossil ʻike mākou i ka lānahu. ʻO ka lanahu ka wahie e hiki ke kiʻi ʻia mai ka lepo e ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā ʻōpala mea kanu. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano wahie kahiko loa i hoʻohana ʻia e ke kanaka. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i ka ikehu a loaʻa paha i kekahi mau derivatives nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana. Aia he ʻokoʻa ʻano lānahu kaukaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻohana e hāʻawi ʻia ana

No kēia kumu, e hoʻolaʻa mākou i kēia ʻatikala e haʻi iā ʻoe i nā ʻano lānahu, nā ʻano nui a me nā hoʻohana i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou.

Lānahu e like me wahie

ʻOiai he ʻano wahie fossil ka nui o ka honua, he paʻakikī a pipiʻi hoʻi ka unuhi ʻana. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kāna unuhi ʻana i ka pau ʻana o nā mālama lanahu o ka honua. Aia i ka ʻano o ka hoʻohana e hoʻāla ʻia e hāʻawi he mau ʻano lānahu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia mau ʻano lanahu e hōʻike i kahi kumu ikehu me ka hiki i ka wela nui. Hana kēia ia i kekahi o nā wahie i ka maikaʻi loa i ka hapanui o ka honua.

ʻO kona kumu mai kahi pōhaku sedimentary ʻeleʻele i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he huahana o ka hui pū ʻana o ka nui o ka wai me nā koena mea kanu. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻO ia kahi ʻano wahie e pili ana i ka pūʻulu o ka ikaika hou ʻole. ʻO kēia ka lohi o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka lanahu i ka manawa ma mua o ka helu o ka pau ʻana o ka mea like i hāʻawi ʻia i kāna unuhi. ʻO ia, ʻo ka wikiwiki e hoʻohana ka poʻe i ka lānahu a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o kāna mau mālama ma mua o ka wikiwiki o ka hana hou ʻana o ia. No laila, manaʻo ʻia ia he ikehu hiki ʻole hou a hoʻohaumia loa.

I ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lanahu ʻike mākou i kahi nui o ke kalapona i hāʻawi iā ia i kēia hiki no ka mana calorific. ʻO ia ka wahie fossil ka nui o ka honua a ʻo ia hiki iā ʻoe ke maina ma o nā mines e ola nei a puni ka honua.

Ke kumu a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano lānahu

Akahi no a ikeia ma kahi o 360 miliona mau makahiki i hala i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka wā Carboniferous. I loko o kēia wā ua neʻe nā neʻe o nā papa tectonic i kahi nui o ka wai a pani i nā moana. Hoʻomaka ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mahana a me nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe i ka wai, ka lepo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka meakanu. ʻO kēia mau kumu nā mea i hoʻokumu i nā mea sedimentary āpau e hana i kekahi mau hoʻololi e hoʻolilo iā lākou i carbon. E like me kāu e manaʻo ai, he mea kēia hana i mau miliona o nā makahiki. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he wahie e hiki ke hana koke ʻia.

Mahalo i ke kaʻina photosynthesis e hana nei i nā mea kanu a me nā kumulāʻau, hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka ikehu a me lākou iho. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia ikehu i ka lewa ke pala nā lāʻau. No ka mea i ke kaʻina o ka photosynthesis mālama ʻia kahi nui o carbon dioxide, ke ma hope e hoʻopau kēia lāʻau i ke kalapona i mālama ʻia. Hāpai pū kēia kalapona i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā lānahu ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i ka manawa.

Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia mai ke kumu o ka lānahu mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea kanu i koe i loaʻa ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a me kēia kumu i loaʻa kahi koina i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o hydrogen, oxygen a me carbon. ʻOiai aia kahi hana o ka putrefaction o nā mea kanu decompose, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka oxygen a me ka hydrogen a ke kino. Eia naʻe, hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ke kalapona, kahi e hiki ai ke puhi a hoʻohana me he wahie.

ʻO nā kūlana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā lānahu e pono ai hoʻi e noʻonoʻo. ʻOiai he mau ʻano lānahu, he kumu ko lākou āpau me kahi kaomi e pono ai a me ka mahana e hiki ai i ka pōhaku ke hana. Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā waiwai o kēia mau loli, e loaʻa iā mākou kahi koina kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole haʻahaʻa. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano char ʻokoʻa i nā wahi pohopoho kahi i nui ai ka pala o nā mea kanu i nā makahiki a me nā makahiki.

ʻAno lanahu

E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kumu a me nā ʻano, hōʻike mākou i nā ʻano ʻāpana kalapona. E nānā pehea lākou:

peat

He kumuwaiwai nona ka mahele o nā lānahu he 55%. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā lānahu me ka waiwai calorific liʻiliʻi e kū nei. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻano lānahu mua i loaʻa mai ke kāʻili ʻana. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke kala a he nui ka wai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia peat no ka mahi māla ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomomona a mea he substrate.

Ke kalima, hāʻawi ia i ka nui o ka uahi a me ka lehu. No laila, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā wahie maikaʻi loa maikaʻi loa. ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai i nā hana like ʻole o ka hale a me ka mahiʻai ʻana.

Lignite

Loaʻa ka lignite ma hope o ke kaomi ʻana o ka peat akā me ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o nā lānahu. I ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke koena o ka wai, hāpai ʻia ka nui o ke kalapona i 60-75%. Hana ʻia kēia i wahie i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano waena. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i ka mana uila rudimentary. ʻEleʻele ke kala a ʻanoʻano a ākala hoʻi ke ʻano.

Lānahu

ʻO ka lanahu kahi ʻano wahie i loaʻa ma hope o ke kaomi ʻana o ka lignite i ka pae mua. Kona ʻikepili kalapona ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 75-85%. Mānoanoa kona ʻano a paʻakikī hoʻi ʻoiai ʻeleʻele kona opaque. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano lānahu ʻē aʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia, he kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou waiwai calorific. No kēia kumu, hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā mea kanu uila e hana i ka uila.

Ma waena o nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka coke. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia e like me nā kapuahi pahū ʻoihana e loaʻa ai nā derivatives ʻē aʻe e like me phenol, lanakila iā mākou a me nā naphthalenes. ʻIke ʻia ka lānahu me ka lanahu pōhaku.

Nā ʻano lānahu: antracite

ʻO kēia ke ʻano o nā lānahu i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa ka helu calorific kiʻekiʻe loa. Aia i loko o kāna haku nā 95% kalapona. ʻO kēia hopena o nā hana i hana ʻia i ka lānahu. ʻ blackuliuli kona ʻeleʻele a paʻakikī kona ʻano. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā hoʻohana kūloko lehulehu e like me hoʻomehana a hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka ʻoihana paila. ʻO ia kekahi o nā wahie fossil i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka uila. No ka pipiʻi loa, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau koho ʻē aʻe e like me ke kinoea kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka hoʻohana nui o ka antracite koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i ka lanahu coking. ʻO ia ka lanahu e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi loa, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka maʻemaʻe.

Lana koʻu manaʻo me kēia ʻike hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i nā ʻano lānahu.