Yau zamuyi magana akansa tushen nitrogenous. Waɗannan su ne waɗanda ke ƙunshe da bayanan ƙwayoyin halitta kuma sun ƙunshi purin biyu da pyrimidines biyu. Ana kiran Purines da Adenine da Guanine, yayin da Pyrimidines ake kira Thymine da Cytosine. Troj a cikin almara yana da mahimmanci a cikin DNA ɗin mutum.
Sabili da haka, zamu ƙaddamar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da asalin nitrogenous, halayensu da mahimmancinsu.
Nucleic acid
Lokacin da muke magana akan acid nucleic zamuyi magana akan kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke wadanda suke dauke da bayanan kwayoyin halitta. Masana biopolymers ne wadanda suke da nauyin kwayar halitta mai nauyin gaske kuma wasu kananan raka'oi ne suke kirkiresu wadanda suke da tsari kuma wadanda aka sani da suna nucleotides. Idan mukayi nazarinsa ta mahangar asibiti, nucleic acid manyan kwayoyin halitta ne wadanda suka hadu da polymers na nucleotides. Duk polymer waɗanda ke da alaƙa da phosphate ester bonds ba tare da wani lokaci ba.
A wannan yanayin, sinadarin nucleic acid ya kasu kashi biyu zuwa deoxyribonucleic acid wanda aka sameshi yana zaune a cikin kwayar halitta da sauran kwayoyin halitta da kuma ribonucleic acid da ake samu a cikin cytoplasm. Sun kunshi dogayen sarƙoƙi na nucleotides waɗanda gungun fosfat suka haɗasu. Babu nau'in lokaci zuwa lokaci da aka samo tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon. Mafi girman kwayoyin sun hada da miliyoyin miliyoyin nucleotides a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwa ɗaya. Wannan saboda mataki na polymerization tsakanin nucleotides na iya zama mai girma sosai.
Hakanan, sunadaran da muke cinyewa daga abinci suma polymer ne waɗanda suke haɗuwa ta hanyar amino acid. Wannan rashin zamani yana haifar da samuwar bayanai. Masana kimiyya sun gano hakan nucleic acid sune matattarar bayanai ga dukkan jerin amino acid din dukkanin sunadaran sunadaran. Sananne ne cewa akwai daidaito tsakanin dukkanin jerin, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar cewa nucleic acid da sunadaran suna collinear. Bayanin duk wannan haɗin da aka sani da lambar ƙwayoyin halitta. Kundin tsarin halitta shine yake kafa jerin nucleotides a cikin nucleic acid daidai da amino acid a cikin furotin.
Dole ne a tuna cewa kwayoyin sune suke da bayanan halittar kwayoyin kuma sune ke da alhakin yaduwar su.
Bases na Nitrogenous
Sanin tsarin nucleic acid ya bamu damar kara sani game da kwayar halittar dan adam. Godiya ga wannan, mun san tsari da kuma kula da hadewar furotin da hanyar watsa bayanai daga kwayoyin halitta zuwa sel 'ya mace.
Anan ne mahimmancin tushen asali nitrogenous ya fara shigowa. Kuma akwai nau’ikan nucleic acid guda biyu, kamar yadda muka ambata a sama. Suna kawai bambanta tsakanin su ta hanyar sukari da suke ɗauka. A gefe guda muna da deoxyribose kuma a ɗaya bangaren ribose Hakanan an bambanta su da tushen asalin nitrogenous da suke dauke dasu. Game da DNA, muna da adenine, guanine, cytosine, da kuma sinadarin thymine. A gefe guda, a cikin RNA muna da adenine, guanine, cytosine, da uracil. Bambancin shine cewa tsarin sarkokin sansanonin nitrogen ya banbanta a DNA da RNA. Duk da yake a cikin DNA suna da igiyoyi biyu, a cikin RNA yana da igiya ɗaya.
Bayani da nau'ikan sansanonin nitrogen
Mun san cewa tushen asali nitrogenous sune wadanda suke dauke da bayanan kwayoyin. Duk da yake tushen tsarkakakke da pyrimidine suna da ƙanshi kuma suna da faɗi. Wannan yana da mahimmanci idan muka yi la'akari da tsarin nucleic acid. Har ila yau, dole ne in yi la'akari da cewa tushen ruwa mai narkewa ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana iya kafa wasu hulɗar hydrophobic a tsakanin su. Wato, ba za a iya haɗa su tare ba.
Wadannan halaye wadanda asalinsu sunadaran sunadaran sunadaran sunadarai uku wadanda suka hada da DNA. Tushen nitrogen koyaushe yana ɗaukar haske kuma lokacin da suke cikin kewayon zafin lantarki na ultraviolet tsakanin ƙimomin 250-280nm. Anyi amfani da wannan dukiyar tun lokacin da masana kimiyya suka gano ta don nazarin ta da adadin ta.
Tushen tsarkakewa yana kan zoben purine. Ana iya ganin su tunda tsarin kite ne wanda ya kunshi atoms 9, 5 daga cikinsu carbon ne kuma 4 daga cikinsu nitrogens ne. Da Adenine da Guanine sun samu ne daga purine. Tushen nitrogenous na Pyrimidine ya dogara ne akan zobe na pyrimidine. Tsarin shimfida ne wanda yake da atom 6, 4 daga cikinsu carbons ne sauran 2 kuma nitrogens ne.
Gidajen da aka gyara da kuma nucleosides
Tushen pyrimidine an lalata shi gaba ɗaya zuwa ruwa, carbon dioxide da urea. Baya ga tushen purine da pyrimidine waɗanda muka tattauna, zamu iya samun ingantattun tushe. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka gyara sune 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, da 6-methyladenine, wadanda aka alakanta dasu da tsara maganar DNA. A gefe guda, muna da 7-methylguanine da dihydrouracil wadanda wani bangare ne na tsarin RNA, tunda suna da uracil.
Sauran kayan aikin da aka gyara sau da yawa sune Hypoxanthine da Xanthine. Su matsakaita tsaka-tsakin yanayi ne waɗanda suke nuna tasirin kwayar halitta ta DNA tare da abubuwan mutagenic.
Kamar yadda nucleosides, sune haɗin ginshiƙan pentose wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar haɗin glycosidic tsakanin carbon na ɗayan ribose ko deoxyribose da nitrogen na tushen nitrogenous. Game da pyrimidines suna ɗaure da nitrogen 1, yayin da suke purines suna ɗaure da nitrogen 9. Dole ne a yi la'akari da cewa a cikin wannan ƙungiyar kwayar halittar ruwan ta ɓace.
Masana kimiyya suna kokarin kaucewa rikicewa a cikin nominclature na nucleosides da nucleosides sabili da haka, lambobin da mai biye ke biye dasu an sanya su yayin magana game da kwayoyin halittar pentose. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya rarrabe shi da waɗanda ke cikin asalin nitrogenous.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da tushen nitrogenous da halayensu.