Daga cikin yanayi daban-daban da ke akwai a duk duniya da abubuwan da muke da su tundra. Abubuwan yanayi sun banbanta matuka kuma ya dogara sosai da kasancewar yanayi daban-daban ya danganta da latitude da tsawan da muka sami kanmu. Yankunan da suka fi kowa adawa suna fama da yanayi mai tsaurin yanayi inda nau'ikan ke buƙatar daidaitawa zuwa mawuyacin yanayi.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu koya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da tunda, da fure da fauna.
Menene tundra
Tundra yana nufin yanayin yanayin ɗabi'ar halittu a cikin yankunan da ke kusa da yankunan ƙanƙara. Tabbatacce ne na yankuna waɗanda gabaɗaya sun kasance tsayayyu masu tsayi da arewacin arewa. A kudu babu tundra. Yawanci, yankunan tundra suna cikin:
- Alaska.
- Arewacin Antarctica.
- Arewacin Turai.
- Siberiya.
- Iceland
- Arewacin Kanada.
- Rasha
- Scandinavia.
- Kudancin yankin Greenland.
- Highestananan yankunan Chile da Argentina.
- Wasu tsibiran subantarctic.
Halaye na tundra shine a sami yanayi mai sanyi mai ƙarancin yanayin zafi ƙasa da sifili. A lokacin mafi yawan shekara na iya kaiwa yanayin zafi kamar ƙasa -70 a cikin watanni na hunturu. Wannan yana wakiltar babbar matsala ga jinsin halittu masu rai waɗanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan abubuwan halittu da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a waɗannan wuraren. Ruwan sama yana da ƙaranci a waɗannan wuraren kuma iskoki suna da ƙarfi ƙwarai, tare da cikakken guss.
Hasasar ba ta da abubuwan gina jiki. A zahiri, kusan suna daskarewa duk shekara. 'Yan watannin da rani ke ɗorawa ne kawai lokacin da aka rufe ƙasa da kayan lambu kuma rayuwa take ci gaba. Landsasashen da aka samo tundra ƙasashe ne inda rayuwa ke da rikitarwa. Sai kawai mafi kyau da waɗanda suka san yadda za su yi amfani da kyakkyawan dama suna iya rayuwa kowace shekara.
Game da ilimin ƙasa na waɗannan ƙasashe, muna samun tsayayyun shimfidar kankara waɗanda suke a zurfin ƙasa. Ana kiran wannan zanen kankara na dindindin permafrost. Kuna iya samun manyan yankuna masu daskarewa waɗanda, a lokacin watannin bazara, suna haifar da ƙaramar gulbi da gandun daji inda yawancin kwayar halitta ke tarawa.
Nau'in tundra
Tundra ba kawai yanayi ne mai hade da halaye iri ɗaya ba. Tunda yana faruwa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, a cikin kowane ɗayan yana aiki da wata hanya ko wata. Bari mu kalli nau'ikan tundra da suke wanzu.
- Arctic. Irin wannan yanayin shine wanda ake samu a Arewacin Hemisphere kuma ya mamaye yawancin Kanada da Alaska. Yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin muhalli a waɗannan wurare suna sanya ƙarancin halittu ya yi ƙaranci. Koyaya, zamu iya la'akari da hakan, saboda mawuyacin yanayin da ke akwai, akwai dabbobi da tsirrai iri-iri waɗanda suka dace yayin juyin halitta zuwa waɗannan mawuyacin yanayin.
- Mai tsayi Wani nau'in tundra da aka samo a yankunan dutse. Suna zaune a wani babban tsauni, don haka yanayin zafi yayi ƙasa. Anan zamu sami karancin nau'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi fiye da na baya tundra. Hakanan wannan saboda tsayi da raguwar matsin lamba tare da tsayi.
- Antarctica. Shi ne mafi karancin kowa. Ana samun sa ne kawai a wasu tsibirai nesa da nahiyoyi. Ba su da bambancin ra'ayi kaɗan kuma yawanci hatimi da penguins ne ke zaune.
Flora
Yanayin zafin yanayin wannan yanayi ya sa flora ta saba da lokacin sanyi mai tsananin wahala. Karancin abinci mai gina jiki yana nufin yawancin jinsunan shuka ba zasu iya rayuwa ba. Babu bishiyoyi kamar haka, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan ƙananan girma kuma sun watsu ko'ina cikin shimfidar ƙasa. Wadannan tsirrai suna fuskantar wasu sauye-sauye wadanda zasu basu damar rayuwa cikin yanayi na adawa. Misali, suna girma kusa da duwatsun da ke kare su daga iska, suna iya yin dasawa da yin fure da sauri a cikin watannin bazara.
Hakanan, zamu kiyaye ƙananan girma wanda zai bashi damar ɗaukar zafi daga ƙasa. Ciyawar tundra ta kunshi mafi yawan mosses, lichens, wasu karami shrubs, da ciyawa mai shekaru. An rage flora na tundra ta:
- Dwarf birch. Itace ce wacce ta kai kusan 70 cm tsayi. Gandun daji ne.
- Lichen jelly. Lichen mai girman girman da za'a iya samu.
- Yagel Musa. Yana da wani lichen da zai iya rayuwa fiye da shekaru 500.
- lingonberry. Shuka mai tsayin 30 cm kawai kuma tana da 'ya'yan itace tare da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano.
- Black hankaka. Wani ƙaramin tsire-tsire wanda ke da 'ya'yan itace mai ɗanɗano. An san shi yana da tasirin magani.
fauna
Kamar yadda yake tare da tsire-tsire, dukkanin dabbobi sun sami tsarin daidaitawa bayan juyin halitta a cikin waɗannan mahalli. Yawancin nau'in fauna suna bunƙasa a cikin Arctic tundra. Wannan saboda akwai mafi girman kasancewar bakin teku ko kuma yana kusa da teku. Mun sami nau'ikan hatimai da zakuna a cikin waɗannan yankuna.
Dabbobi sun dace da waɗannan yanayin ta hanyar haɓaka, alal misali, fur mai laushi mai laushi ko yalwar kitse a ƙarƙashin fatarsu. Wadannan yadudduka na halitta suna sanya su daga yanayin sanyi da matsanancin yanayi kamar guguwar dusar ƙanƙara. Launin fata mai haske yana taimaka masa sake ɓuɓɓugar da kanta a cikin yanayin da yake da dusar ƙanƙara a mafi yawan lokuta.
Daga cikin mafi yawan dabbobin da muke samu:
- Caribou Itace mafi yawan wadatar zafin nama daidai misali. Ya dace da zama cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
- Polar kurege. Launin fur dinsu na canzawa gwargwadon lokutan don kyakyawan kyamara.
- Ermine. Yana da dabbobi masu shayarwa kama da weasel. Ernaura don tsira.
- Arctic Wolf. Yana da ƙarami a cikin girma kuma gashinsa kuma ya bambanta dangane da lokacin shekara.
- Polar Bear. Abu mafi kyau ga kowa sananne kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi da narkewar kankara.
Kamar yadda kake gani, tundra wani yanayi ne inda dabbobi da tsire-tsire dole ne su dace da yanayi mafi wahala.