Ana sarrafa halittu masu rai ta hanyar sarƙoƙin dabbobi waɗanda ke ba da aiki. Wadannan sarƙoƙi ana kiransu sarƙoƙi masu ƙarfi kuma ana nazarin su kuma ana nazarin su a cikin reshen ilimin halittu da ake kira ilimin halittu. Wannan ilimin shine wanda ke kula da nazarin alakar da aka kulla tsakanin muhalli da kwayoyin halitta. Wato, ba wai kawai alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahalli da ƙwayoyin halitta ake nazari ba, amma hulɗar da za ta iya faruwa tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban. A cikin mulkin duniya Akwai halittu masu yawa wadanda suke cika ayyuka daban-daban a matakai daban-daban na jerin abincin duniya.
Sabili da haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku game da duk halaye da mahimmancin sarkar abincin ƙasa.
Menene sarkar abincin ƙasa
Kyakkyawan mahimmin dangantaka da ke gudana a cikin muhalli shine abinci mai gina jiki. Wasu kwayoyin suna ciyarwa akan wasu ko sharar su kuma ta wannan hanyar kwayoyin halitta da kuzari na iya canzawa. Sarkar abinci yana nufin canzawar kuzari da kwayar halitta wacce take wucewa daga wata kwayar halitta zuwa wata. Kari akan wannan, wannan sarkar abinci ta duniya tana yin la’akari da karfin da aka rasa ta hanyar numfashi a cikin kowane rukuni na kwayoyin. Sarkar abinci ta ƙasa ita ce wacce ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin halittar ƙasa. Wato, ga nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai waɗanda ke aiwatar da mahimman ayyuka a cikin yanayin ƙasa da wajen yanayin ruwa.
Matakan sarkar abinci na ƙasa
A cikin sarkar abinci ta duniya za mu sami matakai masu zuwa:
- Organizationsungiyoyi masu haɓaka: Waɗannan sune tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire kuma waɗanda ke da alhakin canza kwayoyin halitta zuwa kwayoyin halitta. Su rayayyun halittu ne suka kirkiro wannan sarkar. Canza kuzarin rana zuwa cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar aiwatar da hotuna.
- Masu amfani da firamare: su ne dabbobin da ke ciyar da kwayoyin halittar gaba dayansu da kuma wasu sassan nasu. Zai iya kasancewa daga ɗayan shukokin ko kuma daga ganyayyaki, saiwa, tsaba ko 'ya'yan itatuwa. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine cewa su dabbobi ne masu shuke-shuke, kodayake kuma akwai dabbobi masu cin komai wadanda suke cin shuke-shuke.
- Masu amfani da Secondary: Hakanan ana kiran su da sunan mesopredators. Dabbobi ne waɗanda ke da alhakin farauta da ciyarwa akan masu cin abincin farko ko shuke-shuke. Waɗannan dabbobi masu cin nama ne kuma ba su da ƙarfin haɓaka ƙarfi da kansu.
- Masu amfani da manyan makarantu: Ana kuma san su da manyan mafarauta. Dabbobi ne da zasu iya ciyarwa akan ciyawar shuke-shuke da masu sayayya na farko. Suna da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halittu tunda suna aiki a matsayin ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke hana yawaitar wasu nau'in. Yawanci yana hana yawan cunkoson masu cin abincin gargajiya kuma yana taimakawa daidaita yanayin halittu.
A cikin tsarin halittu babu wasu sarƙoƙi masu sauƙi a inda muke samun mutum ko nau'in mutum a cikin kowane haɗin. Akwai sarƙoƙi da yawa waɗanda suke da alaƙa da juna kuma shine abin da aka sani da gidan yanar gizo na abinci.
Bambanci tsakanin tsarin abincin ƙasa da na ruwa
Za mu ga waɗanne fannoni daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta sarkar abinci na ƙasa da na ruwa. Kowane tsarin halittu yana da sarkokin abincinsa wanda ya kunshi dabbobi da tsirrai da ke rayuwa a cikin wannan kwayar halitta. Sarkar jerin abubuwa na halittu daban-daban daga na ruwa domin kuwa halittun da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa ne suke kirkirar ta. Abin da yafi bambanta yafi shine yanayin halittu inda kwayoyin ke rayuwa.
Abinda yafi al'ada shine cewa duka sarkoki zasu iya kasancewa da alaƙa a wasu mahalli. Wasu daga cikin halittun ruwa suna da damar yin dabba da dabbobin ƙasa kuma akasin haka. Misali, kamun kifin masarauta wani bangare ne na muhallin halittu kuma yana ciyar da kananun kifayen da ke cikin yanayin ruwa. Wani misali shine na kiban kibiya. Wadannan kifaye suna farautar kwari da suke shawagi a kan shuke-shuke wadanda suke kusa da saman ruwa. Wannan bayyanannen misali ne na cakuda tsakanin sarkokin abinci na duniya da na ruwa.
Bazuwar kwayoyin halitta sune wadanda ke kula da ragowar ragowar kwayoyin halittar daga kowane bangare na sarkar. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar suna canza ragowar gawawwakin su zuwa lamuran su don ciyar da kansu. Aƙarshe, wannan canjin kwayar halitta ya ƙare da kasancewa makamashi wanda ke kewaye da farkon sarkar, ya zama masu ƙira na farko.
Misalai
Akwai misalan misalai na sarƙoƙin abinci na duniya. Akwai kusan misalai da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya lissafawa ba. Sabbin dangantaka ana gano su kowace rana azaman nau'ikan daban kuma ana kara nazarin mu'amala tsakanin su da muhalli. Zamu nuna misalai da yawa na jerin abincin duniya:
Misali 1
Anan zamu sami calendula a matsayin tsiro wanda shine asalin kwayar halitta. Kudan zuma na cin abinci a kan kwayar halittar fure da ruwan fure kawai, don haka shukar ba ta shan wahala iri iri. Mai cin kudan zuma tsuntsaye ne da ya kware a harkar neman kudan zuma, kodayake shi ma yana iya zama mai farautar wasu kwari. A karshe, Kokarin, duk da cewa baya farautar samfuran manya, na iya kai hari kan gidajen da wadannan tsuntsayen suke ginawa a kasa. Saboda haka, yana sarrafa farautar samari daga ƙwai.
A cikin wannan misalin mun ga cewa masu amfani na farko suna cin karen farko ne, sannan kuma, masu amfani da sakandare suna cin su. Waɗannan dabbobin suna ƙarshe suna mutuwa kuma ƙwayoyin halittu masu narkewa suna cinye su. Bazuwar kwayoyin halitta yawanci kwayoyin cuta ne da fungi wadanda suke da alhakin kashe gawar fox.
Misali 2
Spruce shine conifer wanda layinsa ke zama abincin elk. Kodayake ba takalmi kai tsaye ba ne ta karen dusar ƙanƙara, don haka yana iya cin ragowar gawa. Hakanan kuma kerkeci ya mamaye shi. An dauki kerkeci kamar babban mai farauta wanda ke da ikon farauta da muzurai da dawakai.
Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai nau'ikan alaƙa da yawa tsakanin rayayyun halittu waɗanda ke haifar da yanayin halittu. Dogaro da irin ma'amalar da ke tsakanin su, sarkar abinci ta ƙasa za ta sami ƙarin hanyoyin haɗi ko ƙasa da halaye daban-daban.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da sarkar abinci na duniya da aikinta.