A yau za mu yi magana game da batun da ke tattare da ilimin kimiyyar halitta kuma tare da mahimmancin gaske. Labari ne game da oligosaccharides. Su kwayoyin ne wadanda suke hade tsakanin 2 zuwa 10 ragowar monosaccharide kuma suna da alaƙa da haɗin glycosidic. Wadannan oligosaccharides ana iya samun su a cikin nau'ikan abinci masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kamar tumatir, madara, albasa, sha'ir, hatsin rai, da tafarnuwa, da sauransu.
Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk halaye, aiki da mahimmancin oligosaccharides.
Babban fasali
Muhimmancin oligosaccharides yana farawa a masana'antar abinci da noma. Kuma a cikin waɗannan yankunan an biya hankali sosai don aikinta a cikin rigakafin rigakafi, abubuwan da basa iya narkewa, wasu abubuwa masu amfani albarkacin zabin zabin girma da ayyukan jinsunan kwayoyin cuta na maza. Ana samun jaridu daga asalin halitta da kuma hydrolysis na polysaccharides. Idan muka bincika shi daga tsire-tsire, zamu ga cewa sune oligosaccharides na glucose, galactose da sucrose, na biyun sune mafi yawa duka. Hakanan za'a iya samo su a haɗe da sunadaran da ke samar da glycoproteins.
Mahimmancin glycoproteins suna zaune a cikin rawar da suke takawa a cikin ganewar tantanin halitta, lactin dauri, haɓakar matrix mai ɓarkewa, cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, da masu ƙayyade antigen. Abun da yake dauke da carbohydrates yana da canji. Oligosaccharides sun hada da monosaccharides wanda zai iya zama ketoses da aldoses. Su ne nau'ikan nau'ikan carbohydrates iri-iri waɗanda suke da ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na hydroxyl. Groupsungiyoyin giya waɗanda waɗannan hydroxyls ɗin suke da shi na iya zama na farko da na sakandare. Ta wannan hanyar, zamu ga cewa tsarin monosaccharides wanda ya samar da oligosaccharides yana zagayawa. Waɗannan tsarin na iya zama na nau'in pyranose ko furanose.
Misali na wannan shine glucose, wanda shine aldose wanda tsarin sautin sa shine pyranose. A wannan bangaren, a cikin fruita fruitan itace, zamu sami fructose, wanda shine kwayar halitta wacce tsarinta mai suna furanose. Duk monosaccharides da suka samar da oligosaccharide suna da tsarin D na glyceraldehyde. Akwai wasu oligosaccharides waɗanda basa iya narkewa kuma suna da tsari daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa ba su narkewa ba saboda gaskiyar cewa ba za a iya samun isasshen ruwa ta hanyar enzymes masu narkewa daga hanji da yau. Duk da wannan, suna da saurin damuwa da kwayar cutar ta hanyar aikin enzymes na kwayoyin cuta a cikin mazaunin.
Haɗuwa da ayyukan oligosaccharides
Kamar yadda muka ambata a farkon labarin, waɗannan sun ƙunshi tsakanin ragowar 3-10 monosaccharide. Daya daga cikin keɓantattun abubuwan da muke samu yayin kallon abun shine inulin. Oligosaccharide ne mara narkewa wanda ke da fiye da ragowar monosaccharide 10. Idan muka koma ga ragowar muna nunawa ne game da kawar da kwayar halittar ruwan lokacin da aka sami haɗin glycoside tsakanin monosaccharides.
Game da ayyuka, muna da disaccharides mafi yawan waɗanda suke sucrose da lactose. Dukansu mabubbugar kuzari ne masu taimakawa jiki yin aiki da kyau. Wasu ayyuka na oligosaccharides marasa inganci shine cewa sune rigakafi, shine inganta haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da rage cholesterol. Saboda haka, su babban zaɓi ne ga masana'antar abinci idan muna son inganta lafiyar mutane a cikin harkokin yau da kullun.
Hakanan suna aiki azaman kayan zaƙi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin osteoporosis. Wani yanayin da yake inganta ingancin wadannan kwayoyin shine sarrafa cutar suga ta hanyar inganta ci gaban microflora na hanji. Wadannan oligosaccharides an danganta su da kaddarorin kamar rage barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka da gudawa ta hanyar rage fure mai cutarwa da inganta amsar tsarin garkuwar jiki.
Akwai karatuttukan karatu da yawa da ke tallafawa duk waɗannan ayyukan kuma duk lokacin da muke ƙoƙarin ƙara shiga cikin rayuwar mu ta yau da kullun.
Nau'in oligosaccharides
Lokacin da muke kokarin rarraba wadannan kwayoyin, zamu ga cewa za'a iya raba su zuwa na kowa da wanda ba safai ba. Na farko sune disaccharides. Sucrose da lactose sune mafi yawa. Mafi ƙarancin su ne waɗanda suka mallake su kawai 3 ko fiye ragowar monosaccharide kuma mafi yawansu ana samun su rarraba cikin tsirrai. Waɗanda aka samo a cikin yanayi sun bambanta a cikin monosaccharides waɗanda suka tsara shi. Don haka, ana samun waɗannan oligosaccharides: fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS); lactulooligosaccharides samu daga galactooligosaccharides (LDGOS); xylooligosaccharides (XOS); arabinooligosaccharides (OSA); an samo daga tsiren ruwan teku (ADMO).
Wata hanyar kuma wacce za'a iya raba wadannan kwayoyin ita ce a raba su zuwa kungiyoyin firamare da sakandare. Na farko sune wadanda ake samu a tsirrai kuma an kasasu zuwa wadanda suka dogara da glucose da sucrose. A gefe guda kuma, muna da makarantun sakandare wadanda aka kirkira daga zaben share fage. Na farko sune wadanda ake hadawa daga monosaccharides kuma daga mai bayarwa ta glycosyl ta hanyar glycosyltransferase. Misalin wannan shine sucrose.
Disaccharides sun fi yawa kuma a cikin su muna da sucrose. Sucrose ya kunshi glucose da fructose. A gefe guda kuma, akwai lactose, wanda ya kunshi glucose da galactose. Ana samun Lactose ne kawai a madara. A yau akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda ba sa haƙuri da lactose saboda jikinsu ba shi da enzymes masu iya inganta shi.
Aikace-aikace a cikin ciwon daji na hanji
Bayyanar cutar kansa ta hanji na da alaƙa da salon rayuwa. Nama da barasa suna kara haɗarin bayyanar wannan cuta, yayin da abinci mai wadataccen fiber da madara ke rage shi. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci mu koya gabatar da abinci mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki. Amfani da hankali na maganin rigakafi ya dogara da lura cewa bifidobacteria da lactobacilli sun kasa samar da sinadarai masu cutar kanjamau.
Yawancin karatun da aka yi sun kasance cikin dabbobi ne ba mutane ba. Amfani da rigakafin rigakafi an nuna shi don samar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙwayar hanji da kuma genotoxicity, yana taimakawa haɓaka aikin katangar hanji.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da oligosaccharides da halayensu.