Kwayoyin jikinmu dole ne su rarraba gaba-gaba ta hanyar rabewar sel da aka sani da mitosis. A wannan tsarin kwayar halittar sel tana rarraba don samar da sabbin daughtera daughteran mace guda biyu. Wadannan halittun da aka halitta sunyi kama da juna. Mitosis wani bangare ne na zagayen kwayar halitta inda DNA a cikin kwayar halitta ta kasu kashi biyu daidai na chromosomes.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da mitosis da mahimmancinsa.
Menene mitosis
Mitosis shine tsarin rarraba kwayar halitta inda aka raba kwayar halittar kwayar halittar kwayar zuwa gida biyu domin a kirkiro chromosomes. Yawancin rabe-raben kwayoyin da ke faruwa a cikin jiki sun haɗa da mitosis. Rarraba sel yana da mahimmanci don samun damar rayuwa. Yayin tsarin cigaban kwayar halitta, mitosis yana cika jikin kwayar halitta da ƙwayoyin rai don rayuwar wata kwayar halitta. Kari akan haka, yana taimakawa maye gurbin tsoffin kwayoyin da suka kashe tare da wasu sabbin kwayoyin halitta. Ta wannan hanyar, kwayoyin halittun eukaryotic masu kwayar halitta guda daya kamar yisti, rabe-raben mitotic hanya daya ce kawai ta haihuwa.
Manufar mitosis shine a tabbatar cewa kowace kwayar haske zata iya samun cikakken saitin cutar chromosome. Dole ne a tuna cewa ƙwayoyin da ke da chromosom da yawa ko kuma rashin isassun ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa aiki da kyau. Wasu ba sa iya rayuwa ko haifar da cutar kansa. Wannan ita ce matsalar wasu cututtukan kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da kwayoyin ke shan mitosis basa raba kwayoyin halittar su ta DNA ba tare da wata matsala ba amma suna jefa shi tara. Akasin abin da ke faruwa tare da DNA, suna rarraba ƙwayoyin chromosomes a cikin jerin matakan kulawa sosai.
Matakan mitosis
Bari mu ga menene ainihin matakan mitosis kuma yaya mahimmancin su. Matakan sune na asali 4: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase da Telophase. A cikin wasu littattafan karatu tabbas kun gani cewa akwai kashi na biyar. Koyaya, 4 da aka ambata sune ainihin. Duk waɗannan matakan suna da tsari mai mahimmanci ta tsari. Ya kamata a tuna cewa cytokinesis kuma yana faruwa a lokacin mitosis. Wannan shine aikin da ke da alhakin raba abubuwan da kwayar halitta ke da su don ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙwayoyi biyu. Wannan aikin cytokinesis yana farawa ne daga anaphase ko telophase.
Farawa da wuri
Anan mahimmin sanda ya fara samuwa. Hakanan chromosomes suma sun fara haduwa sannan nucleusus din kwayar ta bace. A wannan lokaci na mitosis, kwayar halitta ta fara lalata wasu sifofin tantanin halitta don gina wasu. Ta wannan hanyar, yana yiwuwa a shirya matakin da ya dace don chromosomes su iya raba. Kamar yadda chromosomes suka dunkule, zasu iya raba kuma su rabu cikin sauki daga baya. Jigon mitotic ya fara samuwa. Ba wani abu bane face tsari wanda aka yi shi da microtubules. Waɗannan ƙwayoyi ne masu ƙarfi waɗanda suke ɓangare na abin da ke zama kwarangwal na tantanin halitta. Babban aikin mitotic spindle shine tsara duk chromosomes da matsar dasu zuwa matsayi yayin mitosis. Wannan sandar yana girma tsakanin tsakiya kamar yadda suke rabuwa.
Jigon tantanin halitta shine ɓangaren tsakiya inda aka halicci ribosomes. Duk wannan yankin ya ɓace lokacin da mitosis ya fara. Kasancewar nucleusus ya fara bacewa daya daga cikin alamomin da cibiya take fara rubewa.
Marigayi jinkiri
Anan ake neman cewa ambulaf din tsakiya ya rube kuma chromosomes zasu fara kirgawa gaba daya. A yanzu chromosomes sunfi karami kuma ambulaf din tsakiya ya fara karyewa don jagorantar chromosomes. Jigon mitotic yana girma cikin sauri da sauri kuma wasu microtubules suna kama chromosomes. Wadannan microtubules na iya zama haɗe da chromosomes a cikin kinetochore. Kinetochore wani sashe ne wanda ya kunshi sunadarai wadanda suke a cikin centromere na kowace 'yar'uwar chromatid.. A gefe guda kuma, microtubules wadanda suka kasa daurewa a cikin kinetochore suna manne da microtubules a sandar akasi domin daidaita sandar.
Metaphase
Maganar metaphase wani ɓangare ne na mitosis inda chromosomes sun riga sun kula da daidaita kansu da juna akan farantin metaphase. Anan suna cikin tashin hankali daga sandar dindindin. Microan uwan chromatids ɗin kowace chromosome ana kama su ta waɗannan ƙananan microtubules daga sandunan da ke gabanta. A cikin wannan kwatancen, spindle shine ke da alhakin ɗaukar duk ƙwayoyin chromosomes.
Kafin ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba, kwayoyin suna kula da tabbatar da cewa duk chromosomes suna cikin faranti na metaphase tare da kinetochores daidai haɗe da microtubules. Anan ne wannan shingen binciken yake faruwa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa komai yana tafiya daidai. Idan chromosome bai daidaita daidai ba, tantanin halitta zai daina rarrabawa har sai an magance wannan matsalar.
Mitosis phase: Anaphase
A wannan matakin chromatids sun rabu da juna kuma an ja su zuwa ga kishiyoyin sandar. Tananan microtubules waɗanda aka riga aka liƙa zuwa chromosomes suna tura sandunan sandar a wasu kwatance. A gefe guda kuma, microtubules wadanda suke a cikin kinetochore suna jawo chromosomes zuwa ga sandunan. Hanyar kiyaye chromatids tare ita ce ta wani nauin furotin na manne. Wannan ka'idojin ya kunshi sunadarai kuma a lokacin ana sha wahala zai ɓace daga ƙarshe don barin chromatids su rabu. Yanzu kowannensu chromosome ne. Kwayoyin chromosom a cikin kowane ɗayan an zana su zuwa ƙarshen ƙwarjin. Tananan microtubules waɗanda ba a haɗe da chromosomes ba suna da tsayi don su iya turawa da kuma raba sandunan, suna mai da tantanin halitta tsayi.
Duk waɗannan hanyoyin ana sarrafa su ne ta hanyar sunadarin mota. Injin kwayoyin ne wanda zasu iya tafiya tare da da'irorin microtubule.
Telophase
Shine kashi na karshe na mitosis kuma anan spindle ya ɓace kuma membrane na nukiliya zai iya samuwa a kusa da kowane rukuni na chromosomes. Chromosomes sun kasance suna da damuwa kuma 'yan matan biyu za su riga sun san kafa.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da aikin mitosis.