Rayayyun halittu suna cin abinci suna bin sarkar abinci wanda ya ginu a kan matakai daban -daban wanda kwayoyin halittu suke cin abinci wasu kuma ake ci. Tushen hanyar haɗi a cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa shine plankton. Mutane da yawa ba su sani ba menene plankton ko muhimmancinsa. Ita ce farkon sarkar trophic kuma tana kunshe da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta masu iya photosynthesis. Babban aikinsa shi ne ya zama abinci ga yawancin halittun ruwa. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar mahimmanci ga ci gaban muhallin halittu da rayuwar ruwa.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku menene plankton, mahimmancin sa da halayen sa.
Menene plankton
Plankton da gungun halittu da ke shawagi a cikin motsi na hawan teku. Kalmar plankton tana nufin mai yawo ko yawo. Wannan rukunin halittu sun sha bamban, sun bambanta kuma suna da wuraren zama ga ruwa mai daɗi da ruwan teku. A wasu wurare, za su iya kaiwa ga yawan biliyoyin mutane kuma su ƙaru a cikin teku mai sanyi. A wasu tsararrun tsarukan, kamar tabkuna, tafkuna ko kwantena tare da tsattsarkan ruwa, muna kuma iya samun plankton.
Dangane da abincinku da nau'in siffa, akwai nau'ikan plankton daban -daban. Za mu raba tsakanin su:
- Tsarin jiki: Plankton ne na shuka wanda ayyukansa sun yi kama da na tsirrai saboda suna samun kuzari da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar photosynthesis. Yana iya rayuwa a cikin rufin ruwan da ke watsa haske, wato a ɓangaren teku ko ruwa inda yake samun hasken rana kai tsaye. Zai iya wanzu a zurfin kusan mita 200, inda adadin hasken rana ya ragu da ƙasa. Wannan phytoplankton ya ƙunshi yawancin cyanobacteria, diatoms, da dinoflagellates.
- Tsakar Gida: zooplankton ne wanda ke ciyar da phytoplankton da sauran kwayoyin halittu iri daya. Yawanci ya ƙunshi crustaceans, jellyfish, larvae na kifi, da sauran ƙananan halittu. Ana iya rarrabe waɗannan halittu gwargwadon lokacin rayuwa. Akwai wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin plankton a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma ana kiransu holoplanktons. A gefe guda, waɗanda ke cikin ɓangaren zooplankton kawai a cikin wani lokaci a rayuwarsu (galibi lokacin lokacin tsutsarsu) ana san su da sunan meroplankton.
- Kwayoyin Plankton: Shi ne nau'in plankton da ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suka kafa. Babban aikinsa shine rushe sharar gida da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin biogeochemical na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus da sauran abubuwa. Hakanan ana cinye shi ta hanyar sarkar abinci.
- Planktonic ƙwayoyin cuta: ƙwayoyin cuta ne na ruwa. Sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu algae na eukaryotic. Babban aikinsa shine sake daidaita abubuwan gina jiki a cikin sake zagayowar biogeochemical kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na sarkar kayan abinci.
Nau'in plankton
Yawancin kwayoyin plankton suna da girman microscopic. Wannan ya sa ba zai yiwu a gani da ido ba. Matsakaicin girman waɗannan halittu yana tsakanin microns 60 da milimita. Ire -iren plankton da za su iya wanzu a cikin ruwa sune kamar haka:
- Ultraplankton: Suna auna kusan 5 microns. Su ne ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan flagellates. Flagellates sune waɗancan halittun waɗanda ke da flagella.
- Nanoplankton: Suna auna tsakanin mita 5 zuwa 60 kuma sun ƙunshi microalgae na unicellular, kamar ƙananan diatoms da coccolithophores.
- Microplankton: Sun fi girma, suna kaiwa tsakanin microns 60 da 1 mm. Anan mun sami wasu ƙananan microalgae marasa ƙarfi, tsutsotsi mollusk da kumburi.
- Matsakaicin plankton: idon dan adam na iya ganin halittu masu girman wannan. Yana auna tsakanin 1 zuwa 5 mm kuma ya ƙunshi tsutsa na kifi.
- Babban plankton: tsakanin 5 mm da 10 cm a girman. Anan ya zo sargasso, salps da jellyfish.
- Babban plankton: halittu sama da 10 cm a girman. Muna da jellyfish a nan.
Dukkan halittun da ke cikin plankton suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan jiki kuma suna amsa bukatun muhallin da suke rayuwa. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan buƙatun na jiki shine buoyancy ko danko na ruwa. A gare su, yanayin ruwa yana da ƙarfi kuma ya zama dole a shawo kan juriya don motsawa cikin ruwa.
Akwai dabaru da yawa da matakan daidaitawa don inganta ruwa mai iyo na iya haɓaka damar rayuwa. Haɓaka yankin saman jiki, ƙara ɗigon ɗimbin kitse zuwa cytoplasm, harsashi, zubar da sauran tsarukan dabaru daban -daban da daidaitawa don samun damar rayuwa a cikin yanayin ruwa daban -daban. Akwai wasu halittun da ke da ikon yin iyo mai kyau, godiya ga flagella da sauran abubuwan motsa jiki na locomotive, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance tare da jakunkuna.
Danko na ruwa yana canzawa tare da zafin jiki. Ko da yake ba ma nuna kanmu da ido tsirara, ƙwayoyin cuta suna lura da shi. A cikin ruwa mai ɗumi, danko ruwan yana ƙasa. Wannan yana shafar buoyancy na mutum. A saboda wannan dalili, diatoms sun kirkiro cyclomorphosis, wanda shine ikon ƙirƙirar sifofi daban -daban na jiki a lokacin bazara da hunturu don dacewa da canje -canje a cikin danko na ruwa tare da zafin jiki.
Muhimmancin rayuwa
Mutane koyaushe suna cewa plankton muhimmin abu ne na kowane mazaunin teku. Muhimmancinsa yana cikin sarkar abinci. Gidan yanar gizo na abinci tsakanin masu kera, masu amfani da masu lalatawa an kafa shi a cikin biome. Phytoplankton na iya juyar da makamashin hasken rana zuwa makamashi wanda masu amfani da masu lalata su ke iya amfani da su.
Phytoplankton ana cinye shi da zooplankton, wanda kuma masu cin nama da masu cin abinci ke cinye su. Waɗannan su ne masu farautar sauran halittu kuma masu rarrafewa suna cinye gawar. Wannan shine yadda ake ƙirƙirar sarkar abinci gaba ɗaya a cikin wuraren ruwa.
Phytoplankton yana ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide ta hanyar photosynthesis kuma yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 50% na iskar da muke shaka cikin sararin samaniya. Mataccen plankton yana samar da wani ɓoyayyen laka, da zarar ya yi burbushin halitta, yana samar da mai da ake so sosai.
Kamar yadda kuke gani, wani lokacin abu mafi mahimmanci yana da ƙanƙanta sosai. A wannan yanayin, plankton shine tushen abincin abincin mazaunin teku. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da menene plankton, halayensa da mahimmancin sa.