Ruwa abu ne da muke buƙatar rayuwa kuma don samun rayuwa a duniya kamar yadda muka san shi a yau. Da kwayar ruwa Ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin hydrogen biyu da ƙwayoyin oxygen guda ɗaya waɗanda ke haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa atoms biyu na hydrogen da kuma na oxygen suna hade hade da godiya saboda suna raba electrons a tsakaninsu. Dabara ta kwayoyin ruwa shine H2O. Akwai halaye da yawa wadanda kwayoyin halittar ruwa suke dasu kuma godiya gare shi cewa akwai matakai da yawa wadanda suke haifar da cigaban rayuwa.
Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da kwayar ruwan.
Nazarin kwayar ruwa
Idan muka binciko wannan kwayar halitta zamu iya ganin cewa kusurwar da ke haɗe tsakanin haɗin hydrogen da oxygen yana farawa daga digiri 104.5. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar nazarin kimiyyar sifilaki da sikirin X. Matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin hydrogen da atom oxygen na 96.5 na yamma ko, menene daidai, 9.65 • 10-8 milimita.
Wadannan nisan ba za a iya kwatanta su da duk abin da idon mutum zai iya gani ba. Tsarin electrons a cikin kwayar halittar ruwa shine yake sadarwa da asymmetry na lantarki tunda akwai matakan daban na lantarki tsakanin sinadarin hydrogen da oxygen. Muna kira electronegativity zuwa ikon zarra don jawo hankalin electrons waɗanda aka raba a cikin haɗin haɗin kai. Mun tuna cewa haɗin gwaiwa shine wanda aka kafa tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙarfe biyu da ba ƙarfe ba.
Tunda iskar oxygen tana da lantarki fiye da na hydrogen, electrons sun fi kusa da kwayar oxygen fiye da na hydrogen. Wannan saboda an caji cajin lantarki mara kyau. Gaskiyar cewa electrons suna zuwa galibi zuwa ga oxygen atom yasa hydrogen atom yana da wani tabbataccen caji. Ana kiran wannan cajin mai karɓar kyauta mai kyau. Na oxygen ana kiransa caji mara kyau.
Bambanci tsakanin kwayoyi masu kyau da marasa kyau wadanda suke kusa da kwayar zarra guda biyu yana sanya kwayar ruwa ta zama kwayar polar. Wato, kwayar tana da bangare tare da sandar mara kyau kuma wani bangare mai tabbataccen sanda. Kodayake dukkanin kwayar tana tsaka-tsaka, amma daga wannan yanayin iya bayyana ne cewa dukkanin sifofin kimiyya da ilimin halittarta sun samo asali.
Hadin kai tsakanin kwayoyin
Lokacin da kwayoyin ruwa da yawa suke da kusanci da juna suna iya kulla wani juzu'i tsakanin kwayoyin oxygen na kwayoyin kwayoyin daban. Wannan saboda oxygen yana da caji mara kyau kuma ɗayan hydrogens yana da tabbataccen caji. Sabili da haka, tabbataccen sashin kwayar halittar ruwa guda daya yana jan hankalin zuwa bangaren mara kyau na daya kwayoyin. Wannan nau'in hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin ana kiranta azaman asalin hydrogen. Yana faruwa da yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin tunda an umarce su ta irin wannan kowane ruwa yana iya hadewa da wasu kwayoyin 4. Wannan nau'in hulɗar yana faruwa tare da kankara.
Abubuwan da ke tsakanin hydrogens suna faruwa ne saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai zarra tare da caji mara kyau kuma hydrogen tare da caji mai kyau. Wannan ya sanya hanyoyin haɗin keɓaɓɓu ba ga ruwa ba. Hakanan waɗannan haɗin ma'amala suna faruwa a cikin nitrogen, fluorine, da hydrogen a cikin wasu kwayoyin da ke ɗauke da sunadarai da DNA.
Bari mu ga menene kaddarorin kimiyyar sinadaran ruwa. Daga cikin waɗannan kaddarorin da halaye zamu iya haskaka ƙarfin da sauran ƙarfi. Kada mu manta cewa ana ɗaukar ruwa a matsayin mai narkewar duniya. Wani halayyar kwayar ruwan shine babban takamaiman zafi da zafin kuzarinsa. Hakanan yana da haɗin kai da mannewa, ƙarancin abu mara kyau, kuma yana aiki azaman reagent na sinadarai.
Idan muka yi amfani da kaddarorin ruwa zamu ga cewa yana da ikon tarwatsa adadi mai yawa na mahadi a ciki saboda halin polar sa. Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, kodayake dukkanin kwayar tana tsaka tsaki, gaskiyar cewa tana da bangare mai kyau kuma mara kyau shine Yana ba da kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafi wanda ruwa yake da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Don haka, yana aiki tare da gishiri da sauran abubuwan ion abubuwanda kwayar ruwan ke fuskantar sandunan ta. Wannan daidaiton sandunan an bayar da shi azaman aikin cajin ions biyu, yana sanya sandar mara kyau a gefe ɗaya kuma tabbatacciyar sandar akan ɗayan. Misali, tare da abubuwan polar kamar ethanol, ruwa yana aiki iri ɗaya. Yana adawa da ɗaya sandar gaba da wani tare da kishiyar alamar abu.
Kadarorin kwayar ruwan
Kwayar ruwan tana da babban takamaiman zafi. Wannan takamaiman zafin ba wani abu bane illa yawan zafin da ake buƙata a gudanar dashi gram na ruwa don samun damar ɗaga zafin nata digiri ɗaya. A gefe guda, muna da zafi na tururi. Wannan adadin tururin da dole ne a sanya shi a gram na ruwa domin ya wuce zuwa gram tururin. Mun sani cewa kwayar ruwa tana da takamaiman takamaiman zafi da kumburi ta hanyar godiya ga gadoji waɗanda suka haɗu da ƙwayoyin hydrogen. Wato, don ɗaga zafin ruwan na mataki ɗaya, duk kwayoyin suna buƙatar haɓaka rawar su. Don yin wannan, suna karya haɗin hydrogen domin su iya wuce gram na ruwa mai ruwa zuwa gram na ruwan tururi.
Gaskiyar cewa tana da babban darajar zafin kumburi saboda shi yana iya wucewa. Wani halayyar kwayar ruwan shine hadin kai. Tambayar ita ce yanayin da dole ne kwayoyin biyu su hade. Godiya sake zuwa ga hydrogen bonds na ruwa kwayoyin, da cohesion ne babba. Shiga shi ne yanayin kwayar halitta biyu daban-daban don haɗuwa da juna. Wannan ya sa kwayar halittar ruwa tana da babban mannewa zuwa mahaukatan da suke ionic da polar. Wannan shine aikace-aikacen da ke faruwa yayin da ya faru cewa ruwa yana manne zuwa wurare daban-daban.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da kwayoyin ruwa.