Ofaya daga cikin ilimin kimiya wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi tsufa wanda yake kuma shima ɗayan ɗayan rassa ne a cikin ilimin halitta shine ilimin halitta. Tunda ɗan adam ya fara lura da yanayi don neman tsire-tsire masu ruwa don ciyarwa, farauta ko nemo wuraren da zai zauna kuma wannan yana da albarkatun da ake buƙata, ilimin halittu ya fara wanzuwa. Daga baya, tare da ci gaban fasaha da buƙatar gano da ƙarin koyo game da duniyar tamu, ya zama kimiyya.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu fada muku abin da ilimin halittu yake, manyan halayensa da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ilmin halittu da muhalli.
Menene ilimin halittu
Ilimin kimiyya ne ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittu masu rai tare da yanayin da suke zaune. Ana iya taƙaita shi a cikin wannan ra'ayi. Koyaya, ita ce ɗayan mafi rikitarwa da cikakkun rassa na kimiyya. Ma'anar ilimin halittu na iya zama mai sauki amma abin nazarin yana da sarkakiya. Watau, tana da niyyar yin nazari kan yadda yanayi ke shafar rarrabuwarsa, yalwarsa, yawan halittu, halayya da kuma duk wata mu'amala da ke tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban da kuma sauye-sauyen da ka iya haifarwa a muhallin.
Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, duk waɗannan manufofin binciken suna da rikitarwa kamar yadda suke da tasirin gaske. Starfafawa a cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin wani abu ne da ba a fahimta ba. Ba za mu iya ƙididdige wasu halayyar muhalli ba. Matakan nazarin ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun banbanta a: kwayoyin halitta, yawan jama'a da kuma yawan alumma shine abinda ke haifar da tsarin halittu. Akwai wasu rassa wadanda kuma suka maida hankali kan nazarin halittu gaba daya.
Ba kamar sauran rassa na ilmin halitta ba wadanda suke da alaƙa kai tsaye da jinsin halittu, juyin halitta, ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin kimiyyar halittu, da sauransu, muna da ilimin halittu a matsayin babban horo. Kuma kimiyya ce wacce ta banbanta da sauran tunda tsarinta ya ta'allaka ne yawan haihuwa, yawan mace-mace, shige da fice da yadda suke shafar rarraba jinsuna, yawan jama'a da kuma ci gaban al'ummomi.
Masu binciken wannan kimiyyar
Mai binciken farko wanda ya sami ilimin halittu shi ne Haeckel a 1869. Wasu daga cikin mahimman masana kimiyyar halittu a duk tarihin sune Ramón Margalef da Eugene P. Odum. Wadannan masana kimiyya ana daukar su Ubannin ilimin zamani. Koyaya, kafin ilimin halittu ya sami sararin kansa, akwai wasu masanan da suka ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan ganowa da lura. Wasu daga cikinsu sune Countididdigar Buffon, Alexander von Humboldt, Darwin, Lamarck ...
Dukkanin tarihin yanayi cike yake da masana halayyar dan adam wadanda suka kasance suna bayanin ayyukan duniya. Don dalilai masu amfani, zamu iya cewa ilimin halittu zai nemi bayanin cikakken aikin kowane yanayi.
Bambanci tsakanin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da muhalli
Daya daga cikin bangarorin asasi wadanda galibi suke rikicewa a cikin zamantakewar zamani shine ilimin halittu da muhalli. Yunkurin muhalli ya fi falsafar rayuwa fiye da kimiyya. Wannan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da cikin yaren yau da kullun yana haifar da wasu matsaloli a cikin sadarwa na kimiyya. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci a bayyane game da abin da ilimin halittu yake kuma yana karatu a matsayin kimiyya kuma ba ya ƙunsar kowane da ilimin halittu amma ya dogara da hanyar kimiyya.
Akwai wasu ilimin kimiyya cewa suna da mahimmanci don nazarin ilimin halittu kamar yadda ilimin halittu yake. Ilimin kimiyya ne yake nazarin yanayin ƙasa da halayensu don samar da bayanai game da haɓakar tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Hasashen yanayi yana taimakawa wajen sanin rabe-raben yanayin zafi da ruwan sama domin kara fahimtar yanayin yanki. A wani bangaren kuma, ilimin kimiyyar halittu shima yana bukatar kimiyya kamar lissafi da lissafi don iya kirkirar samfura cikin halayyar al'ummomi da yawan jama'a.
Duk wannan yana nuni da cewa ilimin halittu ilimin kimiyya ne mai matukar rikitarwa wanda yakamata sauran ilimin ya kula dashi don bada bayani. Koyaya, muhalli akida ce wacce ake da ita game da girmamawa ko ɗabi'a, da raguwar tasirin muhalli da ayyukan ƙazanta suka haifar, da dai sauransu Motsi ne wanda ke neman rage tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayin halittu. Hakanan yana neman kiyaye albarkatun kasa ta yadda al'ummomi masu zuwa za su iya amfani da albarkatun kamar yadda muka san su a yau.
Abin da nazarin ilimin halittu
Ilimin Halittu ilimin kimiyya ne wanda ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwa masu rai da yanayin zahirin da suke rayuwa a ciki. Hakanan yana nazarin ainihin ma'amala tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban. Zamu iya cewa a cikin yanayin da jinsin halittu suke zaune a ciki mun rabu da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa. Abubuwa na zahiri sune irin su zafin jiki, hasken rana, zafi, da dai sauransu Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilmin halitta sune alaƙar da ke tsakanin wasu nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin muhalli ɗaya. Misali, zamu iya nunawa a matsayin tushen ƙirar halitta ga alaƙar da ke akwai tsakanin bugawa masu ɓarna.
Musanyar ma'amala da kwararar kuzari da kuma kwayoyin halitta a cikin halittun halittu su ma makasudin binciken ilimin yanayin kasa ne. Sauran fannoni da nazarin ilimin kimiyyar halittu sune zagaye na biogeochemical, sarƙoƙin trophic ko samarwa da haɓaka tsarin halittu. Duk waɗannan manufofin an haɗa su a matakai daban-daban na karatu. Bari mu bincika menene su:
- Matakan kwayoyin: nazarin ilimin halittu game da yadda yanayin mutum da yanayin rayuwa ke shafar mutane.
- A matakin jama'a: ilimin kimiyyar halittu yana mai da hankali kan kasancewar ko rashin wasu jinsunan. Hakanan yana nazarin yalwa da rashi da yadda yawan mutane daga jinsuna ke canzawa lokaci. Don wannan kuna buƙatar samfuran lissafi da lissafi.
- A matakin al'umma: yayi nazari akan yadda al'ummomin suke da tsarinsu da kuma aiki iri ɗaya. Abubuwan canzawa kamar ƙaurawar kuzari ta hanyar gudana, gudummawar abubuwan gina jiki da sauran kayan sunadarai ta hanyar al'ummomi an nuna anan. Za'a iya yin nazarin al'ummomi ta hanyar lura da yawan jama'a da amfani da halayensu a matakin jin daɗi.
Ana iya faɗin cewa ilimin yanayin ƙasa yana fitowa a matsayin mahimmin ilimin kimiyya don ƙoƙarin hango ko hasashen canje-canje a cikin tsarin halittu. Yawancin waɗannan canje-canje suna da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da ma'anar ilimin yanayin ƙasa da mahimmancin sa.