Gymnosperm shuke-shuke

resistant da shuke-shuke da suka samo asali

Shuke-shuke Spermatophyte sune waɗanda ke bunkasa daga tsaba. Yana da mafi yawan rukuni na tsire-tsire kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: angiosperms da motsa jiki. Kodayake na farko sun fi rinjaye, wasan motsa jiki suna da ban sha'awa kuma waɗanda ke da halaye na al'ada.

Sabili da haka, zamu ƙaddamar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk halaye, juyin halitta da kuma sha'awar motsa jiki.

Babban fasali

ruwan allura

Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayar halitta spermatophytes waɗanda ake samarwa daga zuriya. Su da kansu sune ke samar da irin da daga baya zasu bunkasa. A yaren Girkanci kalmar gymnosperms tana ba mu alama game da duk halayen da suke da su. Kuma yana nufin danda iri. Wannan ya sa mun riga mun san cewa ƙwayayenta tsirara ne kuma basa ci gaba a cikin ƙwai.

Wannan rukunin shuke-shuke suna bunkasa a duk yankuna na duniya, kodayake galibi muna ganin su a cikin yanayin sanyi da na arctic. A cikin taiga zamu iya ganin adadi mai yawa na motsa jiki waɗanda suka sami damar daidaitawa zuwa matsanancin yanayin zafin jiki da hazo a cikin yanayin dusar ƙanƙara. Wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani dasu azaman shuke-shuke na ɗan adam ko don samar da itace. Wadannan tsirrai suna da katako mai inganci. Menene ƙari, gymnosperms sune tsire-tsire masu girman gaske da tsawon rai. Waɗannan halaye ne waɗanda suka bambanta su da sauran nau'ikan tsire-tsire.

Bari mu ɗan bincika zurfin zurfin me ƙarfinsa yake.

Gymnosperms karin bayanai

motsa jiki

Babban halayyar ita ce samar da kwayar da ba ta girma a cikin ƙwai. Bugu da kari, dukkan su shuke-shuke ne masu tasowa ba tare da furanni ko ‘ya’yan itatuwa ba. Koyaya, ana iya ɗaukar furenta sau da yawa azaman reshe na ƙarancin ci gaban da ke samar da mazugi ko mazhi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna haifar da ganyayyaki masu dausayi, wanda aka fi sani da sporophylls, waɗanda ke da exposeda exposedan fure. Jinsunan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun rabu tunda akwai cones mata waɗanda ke samar da ovules da mazansu maza waɗanda ke samar da fulawa.

Idan muka koma ga dawo da dukkan tsirrai a duk tarihin duniyar tamu zamu ga cewa tsoffin tsirrai ne. A zahiri, sun kasance farkon waɗanda suka kasance tsirrai na ƙasa kuma sun ba da seedsa seedsa. Asalinsa ya kasance zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda haifuwar wadannan tsirrai don fadada yankin rarraba su ana iya yin ta ba tare da ruwa ba. Kuma shine yawancin su suna gogewa ne saboda iska. Hakanan suna da babban juriya ga mummunan yanayin yanayi kamar yanayin ƙarancin yanayin zafi da hazo a cikin yanayin dusar ƙanƙara.

Game da bayyanarta da tsarinta, tsire-tsire ne na katako waɗanda ke da sifa iri-iri. Yawancinsu suna da tushe, tushe, ganyaye da iri. Yana da cikin kayan jijiyoyin jiki wanda zai basu damar rarraba ruwa da sauran kayan aiki daga asalinsu zuwa ganyayyaki. Godiya ga waɗannan tashoshin jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki za su iya ciyar da abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ƙasa. Bugu da kari, za su iya adana kuzari da samun ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar hotuna.

Sake bugun motsa jiki

gymnosperm cones

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, akwai shuke-shuke da mazunan maza da sauransu, kamar na mata. Waɗannan shaidu sun haɗa da sikeli da jakunkuna guda biyu na pollen waɗanda ke samar da ƙwayar ƙwayar. Cones mata sun fi girma kuma suna ɗauke da sikeli ne kawai da ovules biyu. Ana iya cewa gametes hatsi ne na fata waɗanda ke da alhakin takin ovules.

Yayinda ake hayayyafa da wadannan tsirrai, iska ce ke da alhakin jigilar kwayayen fulawa zuwa filawar mata. Ya kamata a lura cewa wasan motsa jiki suna haifar da yawan rashin lafiyan mutane. A lokacin kiwo, iska na raba hatsin fulawa da haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin mutane da yawa tare da tsarin rigakafi mai rauni. Da zarar iska ta kwashe hatsin fulawar zuwa furen mata kuma bututun pollen ya ratsa zuwa kwayayen, sai ya ba da zaygote bayan haɗuwar gametes.

Bayan hadi, sai a samar da iri sannan furewar mace ta rikide ta zama abarba wacce, bayan wani lokaci, ta bude don sakin irin. Waɗannan tsaba suna da alhakin ƙirƙirar sabbin tsirrai idan suka faɗi ƙasa.

Misalai

Za mu ga wasu manyan misalai na tsirrai na motsa jiki, tunda akwai fiye da nau'ikan dubu da suka kasu kashi 88 na zuriya. Wasu sanannu ne kamar su firs, pines, cypresses, junipers, cedars da araucarias, kodayake wasu basu da yawa. Wasu misalai sune masu zuwa:

Shuke-shuke na ƙungiyar pinophytes sune waɗanda aka sani da conifers. Akwai nau'ikan shuke-shuke sama da 600 kuma dukkansu na itace ne. Akwai tsire-tsire masu banƙyama. Mafi yawansu suna da ganye masu kamannin allura don tsira da yanayi mara kyau.

  • A cikin ƙungiyar Pináceas muna da pines, firs, itacen al'ul, larches ko tsugas.
  • Cupresáceas sune junipers, cypresses da sequoias.
  • A cikin Taxáceas muna da yew
  • Aracauriáceas
  • A cikin Podocarpáceas akwai lafuzi ko mañío.

Ginkgophites sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka mutu kuma ɗayan ke raye. Galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin burbushin halittu masu rai kuma kawai nau'ikan dake akwai shine Ginkgo biloba. Cycads wani rukuni ne na motsa jiki wanda bayyanar su yayi kama da itacen dabino. Aƙarshe, gnetophites suna yin inabi da ƙananan shrubs waɗanda suke da gajerun tushe da ganyaye masu kaɗa.

Bambanci tsakanin motsa jikin motsa jiki da angiosperms

A baya mun ambata cewa waɗannan tsire-tsire guda biyu sune mafi haɓaka a cikin masarautar shuke-shuke. Dukansu tsire-tsire ne na spermatophyte na jijiyoyin jini wanda ke samar da tsaba. Koyaya, akwai bambance-bambance masu ƙarfi tsakanin ɗayansu:

  • Angiosperms suna da tsaba kewaye da fruitsa fruitsan itace, yayin da wasan motsa jiki sune tsaba.
  • Gymnosperms ba su da fure iri-irimaimakon haka, yawanci suna da mazugi.
  • Ganye na angiosperms yawanci lebur ne, yayin da motsa jiki yake Su allura ne don samun damar daidaitawa zuwa mummunan yanayin yanayi.
  • Angiosperms tsire-tsire ne na yanayi, yayin da gwanayen motsa jiki na yau da kullun yawancin su.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da tsirrai na motsa jiki da halayensu.


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