Kamar yadda muka sani, akwai nau'ikan dangantaka tsakanin halittu masu rai a duniya. A cikin wannan duniyar akwai manyan halittu masu yawa kuma, sabili da haka, waɗannan rayayyun halittu dole ne su kasance da dangantaka da juna kuma a lokaci guda tare da yanayin halittu. Daya daga cikin alakar da ke zuwa sakamakon mu'amala da ke faruwa tsakanin muhalli da halittu masu rai shine tabin hankali. Wannan alamomin yana haifar da nau'ikan rayuwa da yawa da zasu iya kasancewa a cikin mahalli daban-daban.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu fada muku abin da alamomin alamomi suke da shi a fannin ilimin halittu da kuma ilmin halitta da kuma yadda yake da muhimmanci dangane da alakar halittu masu rai.
Menene symbiosis?
Zamu iya cewa symbiosis dangantaka ce ta kusancin rayuwar tare tsakanin mahalli tsakanin mutane biyu daga jinsuna daban-daban. Wadannan mutane suna da tsarin halittu iri daya kuma don haka suna cikin ma'amala kai tsaye. Dukansu nau'ikan biyu ko kuma suna da fa'idar dangantakar da ke tsakanin ɗaya da ɗayan. Kwayoyin halittar da ke tattare da irin wannan dangantakar ana kiran su symbionts. Waɗannan mu'amala an sanya su ne daga masanin tsirrai ɗan Jamani Heinrich Anton de Bary a cikin 1879.
Nau'in cututtukan cututtuka
Idan muka ce akwai alaƙa tsakanin jinsuna biyu ko fiye, ba koyaushe muke da nau'in ma'amala ɗaya ba. Akwai abubuwa daban-daban da ke faruwa tsakanin mutane kuma suna sanya shi mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Ba duk al'amuran da ke tattare da tabin hankali bane zasu bar jinsunan da aka amfana dasu. Nau'in cututtukan cututtukan cuta wanda jinsi daya ke cutarwa yayin da wani kuma yake amfana. Hakanan akwai ma'amala wanda wani jinsi baya samun wani abu kuma baya rasa wani amfani, yayin da dayan yake samun wani abu daga gare shi.
Dogaro da farashi da fa'idodin jinsunan da ke cikin hulɗar, akwai waɗannan nau'ikan maganganu:
- Mutuwar juna: Shine wanda aka yi amfani dashi don yin nuni da waccan hulɗar wacce jinsin biyu suka sami fa'idodi.
- Commensalism: shine mafi kyawun baƙon ma'amala a cikin yanayi. A wannan yanayin, ɗayan daga cikin yana amfanar ɗayan, kodayake ba a cutar da shi ba tunda ba ya gabatar da wata matsala game da nau'ikan maharan. Misali bayyananne na Commensalism shine wanda ya faru tsakanin mutane da tsuntsaye. Musamman, lokacin da mutane suka bar wainar burodi a farfajiya kuma tsuntsaye ke cin wannan abincin. A wannan yanayin, ba mu ci nasara ba kuma ba mu yi hasara ba amma tsuntsayen suna samun abinci don haka suna samun riba.
- Parasitism: a cikin irin wannan dangantakar ɗayan jinsin ana kiran sa parasite. Shine wanda ya ci riba ta hanyar sauran nau'ikan da aka cutar. Ofayan mafi sauƙin misalai don fahimta shine ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke afkawa tsirrai.
Wani mahimmin abin da akwai nau'o'in alamomin daban-daban shine la'akari da yadda alaƙar sararin samaniya take tsakanin ƙwayoyin halittar biyu, wato, ko ɗaya daga cikin masu rajin suna rayuwa a cikin ɗayan ko a'a. La'akari da waɗannan abubuwan muna da waɗannan nau'ikan:
- Endosymbiosis: idan kwayar halittar tana rayuwa a cikin kwayoyin halittar wani abu ko kuma tazarar dake tsakaninsu.
- Ciwon ciki: wannan shari'ar tana faruwa ne lokacin da alamun zai iya rayuwa a wajen ɗayan. Misali, ana iya samun sa a farfajiyar gland, a bangaren narkar da abinci, ko a waje a jikin ka. Fleas misali ne bayyananne na ectosymbiosis.
Mahimmancin ma'amala
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, wasu alaƙar da ke tsakanin halittu masu rai suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban rayuwa. Don ƙara ganin darajar mahimmancin waɗannan alaƙar, dole ne ku kalli yanayin lokaci. Wannan shine, idan alaƙar da ke tsakanin rayayyun halittu na ɗan lokaci ne ko na dindindin. Na ɗan lokaci su ne waɗanda ke faruwa yayin lokacin daidaitawa ko canje-canje a cikin masu canjin yanayi. Wadanda suke dindindin sun zama dole ga dukkanin jinsunan su rayu cikin tsarin halittu daya.
Dogaro da hanyar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin jinsunan biyu ta kafu, yana yiwuwa a rarrabe tsakanin dangantaka watsa a tsaye tsaye (waɗannan alaƙar suna faruwa ne lokacin da ake watsa alamomin ga zuriya) ko alaƙar haɗin kai na watsawa a kwance (Suna faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar halittar mai karbar bakuncin ta sami kyakkyawan yanayi daga yanayin zamani zuwa zamani).
Akwai nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa kuma zasu iya rayuwa saboda almara. Munyi la’akari da cewa ingantaccen aiki na inganta yanayin halittar wadannan halittu. Wannan saboda sun sami damar haɓaka sabuwar hanyar rayuwa kuma sun dace da yanayin kowane yanayin ƙasa. Zamu kawo wasu misalai domin komai ya zama karara
- Tururuwa da aphids: Wasu nau'ikan tururuwa suna da aikin kare garken dabbobi daga aphids kuma a sakamakon haka suna samar musu da abinci. Wannan dangantakar abokantaka ce, tunda duka jinsunan suna da fa'ida daga ma'amala.
- Tururuwa da acacias: wasu nau'ikan tururuwa suna kare acacias daga wasu kwayoyin parasites ko herbivores. A sakamakon haka, itaciya tana samar da masauki da abinci ga tururuwa. Wata dangantakar juna ce.
- Kada da abun yanka: Wannan dangantakar sananniya ce sosai tunda kadoji suna da hakora 80 a cikin muƙaman su. Waɗannan haƙoran ana maye gurbinsu kusan sau uku a shekara kuma ragowar abincin da ya rage tsakanin haƙoran na iya haifar da matsalolin kamuwa da cuta. Don haka wannan bai faru ba, masu fasalta suna da alhakin tsaftace ragowar abinci tsakanin haƙoran. Ta wannan hanyar dukkanin jinsunan suna samun fa'ida daga ma'amala.
- Sharks da sharewa: A baya mun ambata cewa commensalism shine mafi kyawun baƙon alaƙar alaƙa a cikin yanayi. Wannan shine bayyanannen misali na aiwatarwa. Yayinda kifin kifin kifin ke tafiya a goge abubuwan gogewa tare da ku. Ta wannan hanyar, suna samun kariya daga gare su da abinci daga ragowar abincin da basa ci. Kasancewar cirewa don sharks bashi da ɗan damuwa.
Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai nau'ikan alaƙar jinsuna da yawa a cikin tsarin halittu. Godiya ga yanayin damuwa, yawancin jinsuna na iya rayuwa kuma suna dacewa da yanayin halittu. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da yanayin da muke rayuwa a ciki.