Lokacin da muke nazarin halittu masu rai da tsarin halittu shima dole ne muyi nazarin mu'amala tsakanin halittu masu rai da halittu masu rai tare da yanayin zahiri. A wannan yanayin, zamu maida hankali kan biocenosis. Biocenosis kuma ana kiranta da sunan bioabi'ar mai bioabi'a ko zamantakewar muhalli. Labari ne game da ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna a tsakaninsu kuma suke mamaye wani yanki. Yankin shine ke kula da samarda mahalli da ake bukata don wanzuwar ta.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku game da duk halaye da mahimmancin biocenosis.
Menene biocenosis
Lokacin da muke nazarin yanayin halittu baki ɗaya dole ne muyi nazarin ɓangaren rayuwa da ɓangaren zahiri. An san sashin rai a matsayin ɓangaren biotic. Yana wakiltar saitin halittu masu rai kuma ana nazarin hulɗar tsakanin su. Dukkanin halittu masu rai da dukkan nau'ikan halittun su suna rayuwa a hade a tsarin biotope daya. Biotope shine yankin da abubuwa masu rai ke rayuwa. Yanki ne inda yanayin yanayin jiki, kemikal da muhalli suke kasancewa kuma sune suke bada damar ci gaban rayuwa.
Biocenosis shine tsarin abubuwan rayuwa kuma biotope shine yanayin zahirin da suke rayuwa a ciki. Sabili da haka, ana iya cewa biocenosis sune tsire-tsire, dabbobi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke zaune a yankin da aka sani da biotope. Abubuwan haɗin biocenosis sune kamar haka:
- Ciwan jiki: yana nufin duk kayan lambu waɗanda suke rayuwa tare.
- Zoocenosis: yana nufin dabbobin da ke zaune a cikin biotope.
- microbiocenosis: sune ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin halittu.
Biocenosis yana da tsari wanda aka samu bisa ga yawan mutanen da suka samar dashi. Bari mu ga menene tsarin da zai iya kirkira:
- Mutane: yana nufin kowane ɗayan ƙwayoyin halittu masu rai waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin biotope, ya kasance suna da shuka, dabba ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Dabbobi: shine sahun mutane waɗanda suke da halaye na zahiri da na ciki kamarsu. Wadannan rayayyun halittu zasu iya hayayyafa da juna kuma zasu haifar da zuriya mai amfani.
- Yawan: dukkansu mutane ne masu jinsi daya suna rayuwa a lokaci guda a wuri daya. Waɗannan rayayyun halittu dole ne su raba albarkatun ƙasa da yankuna.
- Al'umma: Ya ƙunshi dukkan halittu masu rai daban-daban waɗanda suke zaune wuri ɗaya. Wadannan halittu suma dole ne su yi gogayya don albarkatun kasa.
Abubuwan da ke iyakance rarrabawar kwayoyin halitta
Biocenosis yana da matsala ta hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke katse yankin rarrabawa. A cikin ƙungiyar nazarin halittu, ƙwayoyin halittar waje ba sa tsoma baki, kuma yanayin zahirin jiki da na sinadarai da gyare-gyarensa masu yanke hukunci ne. Misali, adadin hasken da ke wanzu a cikin yanayin halittar shi da zafin sa iyakancewar kwayar halittar ne. Bambancin yanayin zafin jiki, zafi, tsarin iska, murfin gajimare da sauran masu canji masu yawa suna iyakance yanki na rarraba kwayar halittar.
Zamuyi nazarin menene dalilai wadanda suka iyakance kwayar halitta ta hanyar rarraba ta:
- Matakan jiki: zamu iya nuna shingen zahiri kamar ƙasa kanta. Dangane da dabbobin da ke cikin ruwa ko akasin haka, ƙasa da ruwa duka sun zama shinge na zahiri. Dabbobin da ke cikin ruwa za su iya rayuwa ne kawai a cikin tsarin halittun ruwa da dabbobin ƙasa a cikin yanayin halittar ƙasa.
- Shingen yanayi: sA kan waɗannan inda canjin yanayi ke tasiri zuwa babban har. Mafi mahimmancin canji shine zafin jiki. Misali, akwai dabbobin da suke bukatar wani yanayi na zazzabi su rayu kuma basa iya yadawa a dukkan yankuna.
- Halittu shinge: lokacin da ake samun abokan gaba ko masu farauta, ana daukar cutuka daban-daban da rashin abinci a matsayin shingen ilimin halitta. Wannan saboda wasu nau'in ba zasu iya canza zangon su ba saboda waɗannan shingen.
Yankunan canjin yanayin da ke tsakanin shingen da muka ambata sunayensu ana kiransu ecotones. Zai iya zama kunkuntar layi a ƙarƙashin babban yanki kuma wannan layin sauyawar yawanci yana dauke da ƙwayoyin halittar da ke haɗe da al'ummomin biyu. Ecotones su ne kyawawan wurare masu kyau waɗanda ke gida ga yawancin halittu masu yawa. Misalan mafi yawan wakilai game da lokacin da shingaye suka iyakance abubuwa masu rai sune manyan abubuwan rayuwa. Babban tsarin halittun sune kamar haka: tundra, savanna, fall, dazuzzuka, da ciyawa, da kango, da hamada, da mangrove, da daji. Wadannan halittun sun mamaye saman duniya kuma suna dauke da babbar mahada wacce ke nuna yanayin yanayin gaba dayanta.
Dukkanin kwayoyin halittu na duniya tare da dukkan kwayoyin halittar da suke rayuwa a cikinsu da kuma yanayin da ke rayuwa a cikin halitta shine yake samar da halittar. Daga wannan ra'ayi, zamu iya yin la'akari da cewa dukkanin biosphere gabaɗaya babbar biocenosis ce.
Sauye-sauye da canje-canje
Kwayar halitta ba ta da karko koyaushe kuma akwai wasu canje-canje da halaye waɗanda suka bambanta. Babban sauye-sauye yawanci sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin yawan mutane ko jujjuyawar jinsin cikin lokaci. Anan dole ne kuyi nazarin mahallin sararin samaniya. Misali, zamuyi nazarin bambancin yawan mutane ko jujjuyawar jinsin a wani lokaci a wani wurin zama. Sauye-sauye a cikin mafi yawan lokuta yawanci ana gabatar dasu a cikin tsarin yau da kullun yau dangane da wasu dalilai. Bari mu bincika menene ainihin abubuwan:
- Canjin yanayi: yana iya kasancewa kasancewar lokacin fari ko ambaliyar ruwa na iya bambanta yawan mutane akan lokaci. A cikin lamura da yawa jama'a na iya amsawa ta hanyar rage yawan mutane.
- Hijira: Cikakken tsari ne na ilmin halitta kuma yana wakiltar motsin mutane ne saboda sauyin mazaunin.
- Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kamfani da mai farauta: idan akwai tasirin tasirin waje wanda zai rage yawan farauta da masu farauta, sauran adadin dabbobin suma zasu shafa.
Dole ne mu sani cewa alaƙar da ke akwai tsakanin halittu masu rai suna da mahimmanci kuma shine ke tabbatar da ci gaba tsakanin halittu masu rinjaye.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da menene biocenosis kuma menene ainihin halayensa.