A ilmin halitta akwai tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta da ta tsara. Da autolysis tsari ne wanda kwayoyin enzyme ke narkewa ta hanyar aikin enzymes nasu. Wannan yana nufin cewa hanyoyin da suke haifar da kwayar halittar kanta har zuwa mutuwa ana haifar dashi a cikin tantanin halitta. Tsarin tsari ne na rayuwa kuma yana da mahimmancin gaske.
Sabili da haka, a cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk halaye, dalilai da mahimmancin autolysis.
Menene autolysis?
Tsari ne wanda aikin wasu dabaru da ke haifar da kwayar halitta kanta take farawa a cikin kwayar halitta. Lokacin da mutuwar kwayar halitta ta zama sananne ne kamar lalata. Halin lalacewar kai ne na lumana kuma an lura dashi yayin al'ada na ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi. A yawancin waɗannan masana kimiyya an kafa wasu sifofin don autolysis yayi aiki ta wata hanya. Wato, an kafa ya kasance autolysis ya fi dacewa da ƙwayoyin da ke mutuwa, rauni ko rauni. Ana iya cewa wannan aikin ƙasƙantar da kansa yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba sa aiki kullum.
Hakanan wannan aikin yana faruwa a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da tsire-tsire iri-iri, kodayake a waɗannan fannoni ana kiransa lalata kai. Hanyar rashin kwayar cuta ce da ke faruwa bayan mutuwar kwayar halitta. Tsarin bazuwar kai mai suna masanin kimiyya Salkowski ya sanya masa suna a 1890. Anan ne inda ake gudanar da wani enzymatic tsari wanda ke faruwa a cikin kwayar halitta kuma tare da halaye na narkar da kai. A yau an riga an san cewa enzymes da ke da alhakin wannan tsari ba samfura ne da ke faruwa daga lysis ba, sai dai itacen oak ɗin da ke shiga cikin tsarin salon salula.
Ganin mahimmancin autolysis ga masana'antu, An sake nazarin wannan aikin gabaɗaya. Fiye da duka, yana da amfani sosai a cikin yisti, musamman waɗanda ake amfani da su yayin aiwatar da ƙoshin lafiya a cikin giya. Hakanan ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin gidan burodi. Abubuwan haɗin yisti na Autolytic sune waɗanda ake amfani dasu gaba ɗaya don ƙirƙirar kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada. Kuma waɗannan abubuwan sune suke wakiltar kyakkyawan tushen amino acid da sauran ingantattun abubuwan gina jiki don kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada.
Dalilin autolysis
Zamuyi nazarin menene asalin dalilan da yasa wannan aikin yake faruwa. Abubuwa daban-daban yawanci suna faruwa a cikin martani. Idan muka bincika kwayoyin halittun unicel, a wannan yanayin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, zamu ga cewa abin da ke faruwa na autolysis yana amsa yanayin yanayi mai yawa. Daga cikin waɗannan yanayin muhalli muna da haɓakar iskar oxygen a halin yanzu, abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun gargaji, yawan abubuwan da ke akwai, kasancewar abubuwa masu guba, da dai sauransu.
Alal misali, yayin da ake shan ruwan inabi ko giya, dole ne a yi la'akari da autolysis na yisti. A wannan yanayin, suna faruwa ne sakamakon ragin abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai narkewa. Hakanan yana ba da amsa ga wani canji a cikin yanayin muhalli, kamar ƙaruwa a cikin sinadarin ethanol, wanda yana ɗayan samfura waɗanda ke tasowa daga aikinta.
A cikin mutane kuma ya kasance mai yiwuwa ne a tabbatar cewa akwai wasu matakai na atomatik. Wadannan matakai za a iya kunna su ta hanyar tiyata daban-daban ko wasu hanyoyin kiwon lafiya wadanda aka tsawanta tsawon lokaci. Bugu da kari, akwai dabbobi da yawa inda autolysis ke faruwa a wuraren da raunuka ko yadin da suka riga suka wanzu kuma yana cika aikin kawar da wannan ƙwayar. Amfanin autolysis shine cewa sune ke da alhakin cire kayan da suka lalace. Ta wannan hanyar, yana yiwuwa a maye gurbin shi da wani.
A wasu ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire, autolysis yana aiki yayin ci gaba da ci gaba. Hakanan yana shiga cikin jigilar ruwa da iskar gas ta hanyar hanyoyin xylem. Duk wannan yana faruwa ne saboda lalacewar abubuwan da aka samo a cikin membrane da cytosol na tracheids. Hakan na faruwa ne sakamakon larurorin da ke faruwa yayin ci gaban shukar.
A gefe guda, akwai wasu nau'in fungi mai filamentous wadanda suma zasu iya samun autolysis na kwayoyin halittun nasu. Misali, ana iya kunna aikin autolysis ta hanyar mayar da martani ga magungunan rigakafi daban-daban ko wasu abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ake amfani da su ga mahalli kewaye. Ta wannan hanyar, yanayin muhalli ya canza kuma hanyoyin da ke haifar da cutar ta atomatik sun fara wuta.
Fannoni
Zamuyi nazarin menene bangarori daban-daban na aikin autolytic. Tsarin da zamu bayyana shine wanda ke faruwa a cikin yisti. Koyaya, zamu iya fitar da duk wannan ga kowane microorganism ko kowane rukuni na ƙwayoyin da aka samo a jikin shuka da dabbobin.
Lokacin mutuwar kwayar halitta
Duk aikin autolytic yana farawa da mutuwar kwayar halitta. Wannan lamarin yana da alaƙa da canjin tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta, musamman lokacin da muke magana akan ƙwayoyin halittar eukaryotic. Wannan tsari yana bawa enzymes masu narkewa damar shiga cikin alaƙa da abubuwanda zasu lalace yayin aikin autolytic. Waɗannan enzymes masu haɗin suna da alhakin ƙasƙantar da matattarar su zuwa ƙananan gutsure. Dogaro da nau'in saman yana da aiki ɗaya ko wani. Akwai yanayin canjin da ke da alhakin lalata sunadarai, lalata kwayoyin nukiliya da rarraba su ko sakin nucleosides, mononucleotides da polynucleotides.
Lokacin ƙasƙanci
Sashi na biyu na aikin autolytic yana faruwa a lalacewar kayan aikin salula ta hanyar enzymes. Proteinases da peptidases suna aiki sosai. A gefe guda kuma, muna da lalacewar bangon kwayar halitta wanda ke ba da damar yin aiki na gaskiya ko fashewar kwayar.
Sakamakon aikin autolytic a bayyane yake, tunda kwayar halitta ta mutu kuma ta ɓace. Da zarar ya ɓace, zai bar sauran nau'ukan daban-daban da aka raba daga kwayoyinsa.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da autolysis da halayenta.