Tsarin halittu na Doñana

dunes tare da gandun daji

Filin shakatawa na Doñana na ɗaya daga cikin mahimmancin gaske a duk Spain tunda tana da gidajan ɗimbin halittu masu yawa da kuma mahimman wuraren zama. Da yankuna na Doñana Yana gabatarwa a cikin mufuradi ɗaya wanda ya kasance saboda yawan bambancin shimfidar wurare da jinsunan da yake zaune. Baya ga fadama, akwai wasu yankuna masu raayi kamar rairayin bakin teku, dunes na tafi-da-gidanka da kuma murjani.

A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da yanayin halittar Doñana, halayensu da mahimmancinsu.

Bambance-bambancen tsarin halittun Doñana

bambancin halittu na doñana ecosystems

Bambance-bambancen Doñana ya ta'allaka ne ga bambancin shimfidar wurare da nau'ikan halittun da yake dasu. Baya ga tsarin halittu na fadama, wanda yake tattare da wadataccen halittu da yanayin canzawa. Hakanan akwai wasu nau'o'in halittu na musamman waɗanda aka haɗu a nan: rairayin bakin teku, dunes masu gudana, da corral. Wannan tsauni yana da gandun daji na juniper, dazuzzuka na bishiyoyi da kuma gandun daji na kura yan gari ne ake kira "yankuna masu kariya". Bugu da kari, yana da lagoons da yawa wadanda suka warwatse tsakanin ciyayi da kuma yankin sauyawa wanda ya hade ya kuma raba su.

Marshes shine mafi girman yanayin halittu a cikin fadada wurin shakatawa, ya mamaye kadada 27,000, abin da ke ba wannan sararin wani hali daban. Wuri ne mai danshi da ke da mahimmancin gaske a matsayin wurin wucewa, kiwo da hunturu na tsuntsayen Turai da Afirka. Yana ambaliya saboda godiya da gudummawar wasu rafuka da ruwan sama, wanda ya sa ya gabatar da yanayi mai matukar kyau.

A lokacin kaka, damina ta farko tana ambaliyar ruwa. A lokacin hunturu, yayin da ruwan sama yake karuwa, marshes din sukan nitse a hankali. Lokaci ne na bazara lokacin da saman ruwa ya lulluɓe da furannin buttercup da manyan yankuna na castanets da bayinkos. A lokacin rani, fadamar ta zama hamada mai laka da ƙura. Kodayake babu wasu abubuwan taimako da ke bayyane, ƙananan gangaren suna ba da yanayin wanzuwar wurare daban-daban a cikin yanayin halittar fadama.

Marsh mai daɗi shine wanda yake da zurfin zurfin kuma sabili da haka, yana mai da hankali a cikin shekaru na ruwan sama na yau da kullun mafi yawan ruwa da na dogon lokaci, wanda ya rage gishirin sa kuma zai iya shuka ciyawar marsh na castanet da bayunco. Gishirin gishiri ko almaji marsh shine wanda yake da yankuna mafi dan kadan inda Gudummawar ruwa mai kyau yana da ƙasa kuma gishirin ƙasa ya fi girma. Tsire-tsire masu rinjaye sune almajo, almajiri mai gishiri da mai dadi almajo.

Sassan halittun Doñana

yanayin halittar doñana

Kogin da ya tashi a bakin Guadalquivir ya tsallake ta ƙaramar rami ko ɓata lokaci zuwa babbar tashar. Bututu sun kasance tashoshi ne na koguna, raɗaɗɗa da ragi. A yau, an lulluɓe su da reeds kuma akwai carps, kwaɗi da gallipats da aka ɓoye a cikin sandunan.

Jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki da vetones suna sama da matsakaicin ƙasa, suna ƙirƙirar ƙananan tsibirai waɗanda da kyar suke nutsuwa. Wurare ne na hutu da mafaka a lokacin Babbar Rigyawa, sannan kuma wuri ne mai matukar mahimmiyar gida ga tsuntsaye kamar su stork

Idanun fadamar marmaro ne. Ya zama kamar asalin asalin ruwa ne wanda aka adana a cikin zurfin. Sun bayyana kusa da gefen gulbin ruwa kuma, ga dabbobi da yawa, sun zama wata hanya don kashe ƙishirwa yayin fari ko bazara.

Yankunan rairayin bakin teku da dunes

Flora da fauna

Dynamarfin tasirin bakin teku koyaushe yana canza fasalin rairayin bakin teku. A yankin rairayin bakin teku mafi nisa daga ruwa, ciyayi suna makalewa zuwa ƙasa mara ƙarfi da bushewa, suna haifar da ƙananan matsaloli waɗanda zasu zama asalin dunes masu rai. A bakin teku kusa da rairayin bakin teku sun bayyana makiyaya na Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera noltii, da wadatar lamellibranchs da gastropods a cikin gindi mai laushi.

Kusa da rairayin bakin teku mun sami katangar farko, inda akwai bishiyun ciyayi da suka makale tsakanin dunes. Wadannan murdaddun sune mafi kusa da teku kuma galibi suna dauke da bishiyoyi daban-daban kamar su su ne karnukan har abada. Arin cikin ƙasa, muna da gandun daji na pine waɗanda ke da ikon mallakan corral, a wasu lokutan mu kasance ƙananan lagoons na ɗan lokaci tare da gadajen reed. Yana cikin dunes na wayoyi inda tsaran bakin teku ke bayyana.

Yankin da aka kiyaye ko yankin shrub yana wakiltar matsakaiciyar mataki na tashar gandun Rum da balagaggen yanayin halittu. Duba daga wuri mai faɗi, ajiyar ba ta canzawa sosai a cikin shekara kuma yana da wuya a ga dabbobi. Kodayake yana nuna abubuwan da suke da ban sha'awa sosai, kamar su manyan unguloli, barewa da dabbobin daji, da manyan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar su Iberian lynx da Iberian Imperial Eagle.

Zai ganta

Saduwa tsakanin shrubs da marshes na ajiyar ta hanyar band 200 zuwa 1500 m fadi da ake kira "vera", wanda yayi daidai da yankin da ke hade tare na babban arzikin muhalli. Iyaka ce tsakanin yumbu da yashi. A cikin wannan kunkuntar yankin, tsirrai da nau'in dabbobi daga yankuna biyu sun haɗu kuma damshin da yashi yashi ya bayyana, wanda ke fifita ci gaban ciyawa da filaye.

A matakin ƙasa, filayen ciyayi suna haɓakawa akan yashi da busassun ratesananan ruwa. Ganye ba shi da lafiya, galibi Rumex bucephalophorus, wanda ke ba shi launi ja mai rarrabe. A wani matakin ma mafi ƙanƙanci, amma kusa da fadama, makiyayar da ke da wadataccen nau'in shuke-shuke tana haɓaka. Gurasar bishiya a cikin dazuzzuka kusa da gabar teku, kayan tarihin tsohuwar gandun daji, sun ba wannan yanayin wata alama ta musamman saboda ita ce mazaunin manyan kungiyoyin tsuntsaye.

Mahimmancin kare wannan yanki da rarraba shi a matsayin sararin halitta mai kariya ya zama wajibi lokacin da yake irin wannan nau'ikan halittu da halittu na daban wadanda zasu iya daukar nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu. Dole ne mu fahimci cewa tsarin halittu na Doñana suna da daidaitaccen yanayin muhalli wanda ke da saukin tasirin tasirin muhalli da ayyukan tattalin arziki daban-daban na mutane ke haifarwa. Wannan yana sa ya zama kamar kulawa ta musamman tare da ayyukan nishaɗi da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi waɗanda aka ba da izinin aiwatarwa a cikin wannan yanayin. Kamar yadda kake gani, yanayin halittar Doñana yana da darajar darajar muhalli kuma dole ne a kiyaye shi.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da yanayin halittar Doñana, halayen su da mahimmancin su.


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