Spain ta sake buɗe wa sashen sabuntawa

Sauyi mai tsafta yana mamaye duniya. Da kyau, ba komai bane. Manyan kasashe sun rungumi fasahar sabuntawa don samar da wutar lantarki sakamakon faduwar farashin. Tsakanin 2013 da 2015, ƙarfin iska da aka girka ya haɓaka sama da 20% a Turai, 36% a Asiya da 24% a Arewacin Amurka. Spain, a halin yanzu, ta kalli wata hanyar; A daidai wannan lokacin, ya karu da kashi 0,07% a nan, kwatankwacin shigar da injin iska bakwai kawai a cikin shekaru biyu. Tsakanin 2013 da 2015, ikon hasken rana ya karu da fiye da 15% a Turai, 58% a Asiya da 52% a Arewacin Amurka. Anan, a daidai wannan lokacin, hasken rana da aka haɗa da wutar lantarki ya karu da kashi 0,3% a nan.

Me yasa Spain ta kasance a tsakiyar tashar sabuntawa tsawon shekaru biyar idan ta kasance jagorar duniya shekaru goma da suka gabata? Sufferedasar ta sha wahala daga rashin narkewar abinci mai yawa, cakuda abubuwa da yawa: babban kayan sabuntawa a lokacin da fasaha bata balaga ba kuma tana buƙatar babban taimakon jama'a, rikicin da ya yi matukar rage bukatar wutar lantarki; da kuma tsarin da aka fi horarwa —Akwai ikon da aka girka fiye da yadda ake buƙata- bisa ga tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da girkawa. Shekaru biyar bayan dakatar da dakatarwar da Gwamnatin PP ta yi, an kammala gwanjon megawat 2.000 don girka abubuwan sabuntawa. Spain, turawa da alkawurran Turai wadanda dole ne ta cika su, suna ƙoƙarin fita daga ramin da ta samu.

amfani da makamashi

Fernando Monera zai cika shekaru 70 a watan gobe. Kuma yana ɗaukar fiye da Shekaru 40 a duniya na sabuntawa. Ya halarci kuma ya halarci farkon, haɓakawa da faɗuwa da fannin a cikin Sifen.

Farawar sabuntawa

Monera ya isa Barajas a cikin 1976 tare da fitilar mai amfani da hasken rana a karkashin hannunsa. "Na kawo kwamiti na farko da zai shiga Spain." Katin kasuwancin ku ne. Ya saya shi a baje kolin fasaha a Amurka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Monera yana da alaƙa da wannan ɓangaren ta hanyar kamfanin hoto wanda ya kafa, Elecsol. Fiye da shekaru goma, har zuwa tsakiyar tamanin, su aiki ya maida hankali kan girka faranti a cikin kebabbun gidaje, dubun-dubatar gidaje a ƙauyukan Spain waɗanda ba a haɗa su da wutar lantarki ba.

Solar

Gwamnati ta amince da tsarin sabuntawa na farko a 1986. Zuwa lokacin, wutar lantarki - wanda ke samar da kuzari ta fadama kuma ya fada cikin rukunin abin sabuntawa - Na riga na kasance a Spain. Kuma akwai wasu takamaiman abubuwan da suka shafi kayan aikin hasken rana da iska wadanda aka shigar dasu cikin layin wutar. Monera ya ce, "Ayyukan bincike ne kawai."

Amma har zuwa tsakiyar 1994s gaskiyar ci gaban waɗannan fasahohin biyu ya faru. "Gamesa ta girka gonar iska ta farko a XNUMX," in ji Juan Diego Díaz, darektan tallace-tallace na kamfanin kuma shugaban kungiyar Iskar Ispaniya. "Muna da ci gaba sosai tare da gonakin iska na farko a 1998 da 1999”In ji José Miguel Villarig, shugaban ofungiyar ofungiyar Kamfanonin Sabunta Sabunta (APPA).

Iska

Bangaren fa'ida

“Satumba 11, 2001. Ba zan iya mantawa da kwanan wata ba. Rannan na sayar da kamfani na ga wani kamfanin Amurka ”. Ya tuna, "A cikin 2001, mutane 300 suna aiki a kamfanin." A cikin 2001 Gamesa kuma ya fito fili kuma ya fara dabarun ƙasashen duniya. Abun sabuntawa na 2000-2010 ya riga ya fara aiki. Villarig, daga APPA ya ce "A shekara ta 2004, an riga an girke kimanin iska mai karfin megawatt 8.000 a Spain." Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi ɗaya cikin uku na ƙarfin yanzu na wannan fasaha mai tsabta a Spain. Dangane da ƙarfin iska, haɓakar sa ta kasance mai santsi kuma da ɗan tsari.

gonakin iska

Hargitsi ya biyo bayan hasken rana. Villarig ya ce "Wannan lamari ne kwatsam." "Mun yi wani abu da ba zai yiwu ba," in ji Alberto Amores, Saka idanu kan Deloitte abokin tarayya na musamman kan makamashi. José Donoso, darektan kungiyar kwadagon daukar hoto ta Spain (Unef) ya ce "Kuskuren doka ne,"

Dukansu suna magana ne game da abin da ya faru a cikin 2008 tare da photovoltaics kuma albarku na abin da ake kira gonakin rana. Gwamnatin PSOE, ta buɗe hannun shigar da tsire-tsire. Kuma yawan gonakin, wadanda suka kasance tsabar kudi, sun yi tashin gwauron zabi. A cikin 2007, bisa ga bayanai daga Red Eléctrica de España, An sanya megawatts 637 na photovoltaics. Bayan shekara guda, akwai 3.355; A cikin 'yan watanni, iko da, don haka, kudaden, wanda ya wajaba ga masu bunkasa don su iya fuskantar saka hannun jari, an ninka su biyar.

Hasken rana

José María Baldasano, farfesa a fannin Injiniyan Muhalli a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Kataloniya ta ce: "Farashin ya yi yawa." Amma matsalar da ke ciki, in ji wannan masanin, shine cewa Spain ba ta da "ainihin shiri" tun shekara ta 2000 don rage girman sashin wutar lantarki.

Kasancewar gonakin iska

Yankin yanki

Monera ya yi ritaya a 2006 kuma, kodayake yana da ma'amala da bangaren, an bar shi daga cikin guguwar da ta tunkari abubuwan sabuntawa daga shekarar 2008. "Itace cikakkiyar guguwar," in ji Amores, Deloitte. Rikicin ya rushe buƙatar wutar lantarki, wanda har yanzu a yau ya kasance a matakan kwatankwacin na 2004, in ji Villarig. Wannan ya kara jaddada matsalar rashin karfin wutar lantarki., wanda abin sabuntawa ba shine kawai ke da alhakin ba. Tun daga XNUMXs, Amores ya tuna, Spain ta fara gina tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, "har ila yau suna tsammanin bukatar za ta karu." Waɗannan su ne tsire-tsire masu amfani da gas don samar da wutar lantarki, wanda, kodayake ba su da ƙazantar gurɓatacce kamar tashoshin wutar lantarki mai ƙona kwal, sun kuma kori CO2. Antoni Peris, shugaban Sedigas ya ce: "Hanyoyin a yanzu suna aiki da kashi 10% ko 12%."

Haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗuwa

Haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗuwa

Waɗannan tsire-tsire waɗanda aka gina ba a amfani da su kuma kuɗin da aka bayar ya ba da gudummawa ga gibin kuɗin fito wanda yanzu ya kusan miliyan 23.000. Wannan gibi - bambanci tsakanin abin da masana'antun wutar lantarki da masu rarrabawa ke samu ta hanyar haraji da haƙƙin tarawa waɗanda suka amince da su ta ƙa'idodin da aka amince da su shekaru 17 da suka gabata - ba kawai laifin abin sabuntawa bane. Amma Gwamnatin PP ta yi amfani da hujjar buƙata don rage ta don zartar da dakatar da sabunta abubuwa a cikin 2012 da yanke abubuwan karfafa gwiwa.

Shekarar da ta gabata, Babban Jami'in gurguzu ya yi amfani da ragin farko na farashi, wanda ke faruwa. "Shuke-shuke na photovoltaic sun yi asara tsakanin 15% da 55% na kudaden shiga”, Donoso yana kirgawa.

Solar

Da yawa daga cikin masu gonakin sun daina mika su ga bankunan, wadanda suka tallafa musu. Kuma yankan da aka yi a cikin kuɗin ya sanya Spain ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen duniya da ke da buƙatu mafi yawa kafin ICSID, kwamitin sasantawa na Bankin Duniya mai kula da sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin Jihohi da masu saka jari na duniya. Yanzu an gabatar da 27, kodayake ba a warware su ba tukuna.

Ga bangaren iska dakatarwar ba ta kasance mai ban mamaki ba, kodayake an tilasta wa kamfanoni neman zuwa kasashen waje. Misali, kashi 50% na samar da injin turbin iska na Gamesa a cikin 2008 ya kasance don kasuwar cikin gida. Díaz ya ce "A yau an fitar da kashi 100%." Tabbas, rashin aikin yayi yawa. Bangaren iska ya dauki mutane 2008 aiki a shekarar 40.000. Yau sun kai 22.000.

makamashin iska

Future

"Na kosa ne na dawo." Monera ta yi ritaya ba ta daɗe ba. A farkon wannan shekaru goma ya kafa wani kamfanin daukar hoto. "Amma ba shi da wuraren shakatawa a rana." Yanzu an sadaukar dashi don cin kai, ga faranti da yan ƙasa zasu iya girkawa a cikin gidaje ko kamfanoni don samar musu da wutar lantarki da kuma jefar da su cikin layin da caji. Amma bangaren daukar hoto ya kasance yana yaki da Gwamnatin PP tsawon shekaru biyar kan wannan lamarin; Suna zargin sa da sanya cikas, kamar harajin rana. Bugu da kari, Gwamnati ta dauki shekaru biyar kafin ta amince da dokar da ke kula da shan kai.

A bangaren iska, ido yana kan gwanjo. A karshen watan Afrilu ko farkon watan Mayu, an shirya daya za a girka sabbin megawatts 2.000 masu sabuntawa-wanda zai iya kaiwa 3.000-. "Hakan ya hada da dawo da hanyar girka abubuwan sabuntawa," in ji Daniel Navia, Sakataren Harkokin Makamashi na Jiha, wanda ya tuna da buƙatar saduwa da manufofin Turai. Navy ta ce: "Fasaha ta balaga sosai," a yanzu masu karamin farashi abin mamaki ne. " Da yawa don gwanjon ƙarshe da aka gudanar shekara ɗaya da ta wuce -na megawatts 500 na karfin iska - wani kamfani ne ya karbe shi wanda kudirin sa shine ya caji abin da kasuwar kasuwancin take saidai, wato, ba tare da farashi ba. "Kudin masana'antu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata sun fadi da kashi 60% a fannin iska." Wani abu makamancin haka ya faru da photovoltaics.

Girkawar injin nika

40% na wutar da aka samar yanzu a Sifen ya fito ne daga tushe mai tsabta, Godiya ga albarkatun ruwa da na iska da aka girka a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Amma kasar, kamar dukkan EU, dole ne ta kara kaso mai tsoka na makamashi. A 2050 - a ɗan gajeren lokaci, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa an tsara saka hannun jari a wannan ɓangaren na shekaru 20/25 - duk ƙarfin wutar lantarki dole ne ya kasance rage girman kai don aiki da Yarjejeniyar Paris kan canjin yanayi. A takaice, ta tsakiyar karni, ba zai yuwu a samar da wutar lantarki tare da kafofin da ke fitar da CO ba.2. Kuma hanyar, kowa ya yarda, za'a sake sabunta shi.


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